In the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration¹, large knowledge gaps persist on how to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in cash crop-dominated tropical landscapes². Here, we present findings from a large-scale, 5-year ecosystem restoration experiment in an oil palm landscape enriched with 52 tree islands, encompassing assessments of ten indicators of biodiversity and 19 indicators of ecosystem functioning. Overall, indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as well as multidiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, were higher in tree islands compared to conventionally managed oil palm. Larger tree islands led to larger gains in multidiversity through changes in vegetation structure. Furthermore, tree enrichment did not decrease landscape-scale oil palm yield. Our results demonstrate that enriching oil palm-dominated landscapes with tree islands is a promising ecological restoration strategy, yet should not replace the protection of remaining forests.

在联合国生态系统恢复十年¹中，在如何增强以经济作物为主的热带地区的生物多样性和生态系统功能方面仍然存在巨大的知识差距² 。在这里，我们介绍了在拥有 52 个树岛的油棕景观中进行的为期 5 年的大规模生态系统恢复实验的结果，包括对 10 项生物多样性指标和 19 项生态系统功能指标的评估。总体而言，与传统管理的油棕相比，树岛的生物多样性和生态系统功能以及多重多样性和生态系统多功能性指标较高。较大的树岛通过植被结构的变化导致了多样性的增加。此外，树木富集并没有降低景观规模的油棕产量。我们的结果表明，用树岛丰富以油棕为主的景观是一种有前途的生态恢复策略，但不应取代对剩余森林的保护。