Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice in the world. Its organoleptic properties are mainly dictated by the apocarotenoids crocins (dyeing capacity), picrocrocin (pleasant taste), and safranal (scent). Cultivation of saffron in controlled conditions with beneficial microorganisms may increase its profitability. In this study saffron was grown in hydroponics under a greenhouse with the PGPR Bacillus megaterium CB97032 and Paenibacillus durus CB1806 (Pgpr treatment), and the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices (Myc treatment), alone or mixed (Mix treatment). The influence exerted during all crop phases on flowering trend, flower and spice yield, secondary metabolites, ecophysiological traits, and corm production was investigated, with the hypothesis that microbial synergy would have more positively affected these parameters. All the bioinoculants did not positively influence flower and spice yield, but enhanced the content of safranal (up to +96% in all the treated plants). When mixed, the PGPR and AMF improved the total phenolic content (+19%) of the saffron spice. Even if no differences emerged from the ecophysiological analysis, the corm yield was improved for the inoculated plants. The single-type bioinoculants allowed to obtain a higher number of replacement corms (up to +13% for the Myc plants) without reducing their weight, but lowering their size. When mixed, the size of the corms was restored. Together, the PGPR and AMF also increased the corm weight (+24%) of the largest corm fraction (> 1.5 cm). Thus, the bioinoculants may have stimulated the secondary metabolism of the plants by improving quality traits, rather than having acted as biofertilizers by increasing yield, at least during flowering. Overall, AMF and PGPR were proved to be a sustainable horticultural solution in hydroponics to improve the quality of saffron, especially when applied in mixed formulations.

藏红花 ( Crocus sativus L.) 是世界上最昂贵的香料。它的感官特性主要由类胡萝卜素番红花素（染色能力）、苦藏红花素（令人愉悦的味道）和藏红花醛（气味）决定。在有益微生物的受控条件下种植藏红花可能会增加其盈利能力。在这项研究中，藏红花在温室中使用 PGPR巨大芽孢杆菌CB97032 和硬壳类芽孢杆菌CB1806（Pgpr 处理）和 AMF Rhizophagus intraradices在水培法中生长（Myc 处理），单独或混合（混合处理）。研究了所有作物阶段对开花趋势、花卉和香料产量、次生代谢产物、生态生理学特性和球茎产量的影响，并假设微生物协同作用会对这些参数产生更积极的影响。所有生物接种剂都没有对花卉和香料产量产生积极影响，但提高了番红花醛的含量（在所有处理过的植物中高达 +96%）。混合时，PGPR 和 AMF 提高了藏红花香料的总酚含量 (+19%)。即使生态生理学分析没有出现差异，接种植物的球茎产量也有所提高。单一类型的生物接种剂允许在不减轻重量的情况下获得更多数量的替代球茎（Myc 植物高达 +13%），但降低了它们的尺寸。混合后，球茎的大小恢复了。PGPR 和 AMF 一起还增加了最大球茎部分 (> 1.5 cm) 的球茎重量 (+24%)。因此，生物接种剂可能通过改善品质性状来刺激植物的次生代谢，而不是通过增加产量来充当生物肥料，至少在开花期间是这样。总的来说，AMF 和 PGPR 被证明是一种可持续的水培园艺解决方案，可以提高藏红花的质量，尤其是在混合配方中应用时。而不是通过增加产量来充当生物肥料，至少在开花期间是这样。总的来说，AMF 和 PGPR 被证明是一种可持续的水培园艺解决方案，可以提高藏红花的质量，尤其是在混合配方中应用时。而不是通过增加产量来充当生物肥料，至少在开花期间是这样。总的来说，AMF 和 PGPR 被证明是一种可持续的水培园艺解决方案，可以提高藏红花的质量，尤其是在混合配方中应用时。