Fifth-generation (5G) communication requires spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output systems with integrated hardware. With the increase in the number of users and emergence of the Internet of Things devices, complex beamforming devices have become particularly important in future wireless systems to meet different communication requirements, where independent amplitude and phase modulations are urgently required for integrated beamforming devices. Herein, by utilizing the constructive interference between multiple geometric-phase responses, the mathematical relation for decoupling amplitude and phase modulations in the radiation-type operational mode is derived. Based on this strategy, complex-amplitude radiation-type metasurfaces (RA-Ms) are implemented, with an integrated feeding network. Such metasurfaces exploit full 2π$2\pi$ phase modulation and tailorable radiation amplitude in the circular polarization state. Meanwhile, a complex-amplitude retrieval method is developed to design the RA-Ms, enabling precise beamforming performances. On this basis, several functional devices based on the complex-amplitude RA-Ms, including energy-allocable multi-router, shape-editable beam generator, and complex beamformer, are demonstrated in the microwave region. The amplitude-phase decoupling mechanism with the retrieval method merges amplitude and phase modulations, and energy distribution into one compact and integrated electromagnetic component and may find applications in multi-target detection, 5G mobile communication, and short-range ground-to-sea radar.

中文翻译：

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复振幅辐射型超曲面实现波束控制能量分配

第五代 (5G) 通信需要具有集成硬件的空间复用多输入多输出系统。随着用户数量的增加和物联网设备的出现，复杂的波束形成器件在未来的无线系统中变得尤为重要，以满足不同的通信需求，其中迫切需要集成波束形成设备的独立幅度和相位调制。在此，利用多个几何相位响应之间的相长干涉，推导了辐射型工作模式下解耦幅度和相位调制的数学关系。基于这一策略，实现了具有集成馈电网络的复振幅辐射型超表面（RA-Ms）。这样的超表面充分利用了2$2\pi$圆偏振状态下的π相位调制和可定制的辐射幅度。同时，开发了一种复振幅检索方法来设计 RA-M，实现精确的波束形成性能。在此基础上，在微波领域展示了几种基于复振幅 RA-M 的功能器件，包括能量可分配多路由器、形状可编辑波束发生器和复波束形成器。带检索方法的幅相解耦机制将幅相调制和能量分配合并到一个紧凑的集成电磁组件中，可在多目标检测、5G移动通信和近程地对海雷达中得到应用.