Hematologic malignancies are among the most common cancers, and understanding their incidence and death is crucial for targeting prevention, clinical practice improvement, and research resources appropriately. Here, we investigated detailed information on hematological malignancies for the period 1990–2019 from the Global Burden of Disease study. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and the corresponding estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess temporal trends in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Globally, incident cases of hematologic malignancies have been increasing since 1990, reaching 1343.85 thousand in 2019, but the ASDR for all types of hematologic malignancies has been declining. The ASDR for leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma were 4.26, 1.42, 3.19, and 0.34 per 100,000 population in 2019, respectively, with Hodgkin lymphoma showing the most significant decline. However, the trend varies by gender, age, region, and the country’s economic situation. The burden of hematologic malignancies is generally higher in men, and this gender gap decreases after peaking at a given age. The regions with the largest increasing trend in the ASIR of leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma were Central Europe, Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Caribbean, respectively. In addition, the proportion of deaths attributed to high body-mass index continued to rise across regions, especially in regions with high socio-demographic indices (SDI). Meanwhile, the burden of leukemia from occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde was more widespread in areas with low SDI. Thus, hematologic malignancies remain the leading cause of the global tumor burden, with growing absolute numbers but sharp among several age-standardized measures over the past three decades. The results of the study will inform analysis of trends in the global burden of disease for specific hematologic malignancies and develop appropriate policies for these modifiable risks.

血液系统恶性肿瘤是最常见的癌症之一，了解其发病率和死亡率对于针对性预防、临床实践改进和适当的研究资源至关重要。在这里，我们从全球疾病负担研究中调查了 1990-2019 年期间血液恶性肿瘤的详细信息。计算了年龄标准化发病率 (ASIR)、年龄标准化死亡率 (ASDR) 和相应的估计年度百分比变化 (EAPC)，以评估过去 30 年 204 个国家和地区的时间趋势。全球范围内，自1990年以来，血液系统恶性肿瘤的发病病例一直在增加，2019年达到134.385万例，但所有类型血液系统恶性肿瘤的ASDR一直在下降。白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤的 ASDR，2019 年，霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金淋巴瘤分别为每 10 万人 4.26、1.42、3.19 和 0.34 例，霍奇金淋巴瘤的下降幅度最大。然而，这种趋势因性别、年龄、地区和国家的经济状况而异。血液系统恶性肿瘤的负担通常在男性中较高，并且这种性别差距在特定年龄达到峰值后会减小。白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金淋巴瘤ASIR上升趋势最大的地区分别是中欧、东欧、东亚和加勒比地区。此外，高体重指数导致的死亡比例在各地区持续上升，尤其是在社会人口指数（SDI）高的地区。同时，职业接触苯和甲醛导致的白血病负担在 SDI 较低的地区更为普遍。因此，血液系统恶性肿瘤仍然是全球肿瘤负担的主要原因，绝对数量不断增加，但在过去三十年的几个年龄标准化指标中表现突出。该研究的结果将为分析特定血液系统恶性肿瘤的全球疾病负担趋势提供信息，并为这些可改变的风险制定适当的政策。