ABSTRACT

The study of the crusades would be transformed if scholars started not with papal letters but with evidence demonstrating how organisers in various periods and regions served as brokers between papal, popular and learned discourses and crusading pieties. Surviving preaching materials suggest that Paris masters promoting various crusades forefronted contemporary reform campaigns targeting usurers, sexual incontinence and heresy. Preachers anticipated or responded to audiences’ concerns about specific elements of crusading, outlining various forms of participation while situating the crusade within a web of familiar or novel devotional practices. Promoters could ignore, (re)interpret and adapt the images and particulars presented in papal letters and often forwarded knowledge of local circumstances and substantial queries to the papal curia, thereby influencing future papal communications. Individual popes reacted in a responsive rather than dictatorial manner in both communication and policy, while papal communications were always subject to local interpretation and negotiated reception and implementation.

摘要

如果学者们不是从教皇的信件开始，而是以证据来证明不同时期和地区的组织者如何充当教皇、民间和学术话语以及十字军虔诚之间的中间人，那么对十字军东征的研究将会发生转变。幸存的传教材料表明，巴黎的大师们推动各种十字军东征，成为当代针对高利贷者、性失禁和异端的改革运动的前沿。传教士预期或回应了听众对十字军具体要素的担忧，概述了各种参与形式，同时将十字军置于熟悉或新颖的虔诚实践网络中。发起人可以忽略、（重新）解释和改编教皇信件中呈现的图像和细节，并经常向教皇法庭转发有关当地情况的知识和实质性询问，从而影响未来教皇的沟通。个别教皇在沟通和政策方面都以回应而非独裁的方式做出反应，而教皇的沟通总是受到当地解释和协商接受和实施的影响。