No-tillage with straw mulch is an effective way to achieve soil sustainability. However, the specific redistributions of soil organic carbon composition, stocks, and crop yield remain unclear. The hypothesis that no-tillage had a minor effect on soil organic carbon stocks in 0–50 cm but decreased crop yield compared to plow-tillage under straw return was tested in this study. Soils properties from two decades of rice-wheat rotation field experiment were related to the yield of rice and wheat depending on tillage: 1) plow-tillage without straw return, 2) no-tillage with straw mulch, and 3) plow-tillage with straw return. No-tillage with straw mulch had the highest mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, the contents of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) organic carbon, particulate organic carbon (>53 µm), and soil organic carbon across tillage practices in 0–5 cm. However, it decreased the contents of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) organic carbon in 5–15 cm, the particulate organic carbon in 5–50 cm, and soil organic carbon in 5–30 cm compared to plow tillage with straw return due to less carbon input from roots and straw. Organic carbon stocks in micro-aggregates (<0.25 mm) and mineral-associated organic matter (<53 µm) did not vary between tillage practices. Hence the soil organic carbon stocks of plow tillage without straw return (48 Mg ha⁻¹) were similar to that of no-tillage with straw mulch (51 Mg ha⁻¹) but lower than that of plow tillage with straw return (57 Mg ha⁻¹) in 0–50 cm. The mean annual yields of wheat and rice under no-tillage with straw mulch (14 t ha⁻¹) were lower than that of plow tillage without straw return (15 t ha⁻¹) and plow tillage with straw return (16 t ha⁻¹). No-tillage-induced high soil bulk densities limited the rice yields. The yield losses of no-tillage with straw mulch were higher in rice than in wheat. The rice yield losses of no-tillage with straw mulch compared to plow tillage with straw return increased with experiment duration due to decreased available nitrogen in 7–14 cm and phosphorus contents in 0–14 cm over time. Conclusively, plow-tillage is more efficient for carbon sequestration and yield increase than no-tillage under straw return in rice-wheat farming by increasing carbon input in deep soils, soil available nutrients, and decreasing soil compactness.

秸秆覆盖免耕是实现土壤可持续性的有效途径。然而，土壤有机碳组成、储量和作物产量的具体重新分配仍不清楚。免耕对土壤有机碳影响较小的假说本研究测试了 0-50 厘米的库存，但与秸秆还田条件下的犁耕相比，作物产量下降。20 年稻麦轮作田间试验的土壤性质与水稻和小麦产量的相关性取决于耕作：1) 耕作不还秸秆，2) 免耕覆盖秸秆，3) 犁耕耕作稻草归来。秸秆覆盖免耕具有最高的土壤团聚体平均重量直径、宏观团聚体（>0.25 毫米）有机碳、颗粒有机碳（>53 微米）和土壤有机碳在 0-5 年跨耕作方式中的含量厘米。然而，它降低了 5-15 cm 的大团聚体 (>0.25 mm) 有机碳含量，5-50 cm 的颗粒有机碳含量，与耕作秸秆还田相比，土壤有机碳在 5-30 厘米，因为根系和秸秆的碳输入较少。微团聚体（<0.25 毫米）和矿物相关有机质（<53 微米）中的有机碳储量在不同耕作方式之间没有变化。因此，没有秸秆还田的耕作土壤有机碳储量（48 Mg ha^{-1 )与免耕秸秆覆盖(51 Mg ha -1} )相似，但低于犁耕还田(57 Mg ha ^-1 )在0-50 cm。免耕覆盖秸秆的小麦和水稻平均年产量（14 t ha ^-1）低于犁耕不还草（15 t ha ^-1）和犁耕还草（16 t ha -1 ）^{。 1个}). 免耕引起的高土壤容重限制了水稻产量。免耕秸秆覆盖水稻的产量损失高于小麦。与秸秆还田翻耕相比，稻草覆盖免耕的水稻产量损失随着试验时间的延长而增加，这是由于随着时间的推移，7-14 cm 的有效氮含量和 0-14 cm 的磷含量降低。综上所述，耕作比稻麦秸秆还田免耕更有效地固碳增产，增加了深层土壤的碳输入，增加了土壤有效养分，降低了土壤紧实度。