Native pollinators are key to enhancing fruit production in apple orchards and maintaining yield stability through taxonomic and functional diversity. Some studies suggest that the distance to the nearest native forest patch, the edge effect, or apple orchard management, modulate the richness and abundance of pollinators. However, such studies have focused on bees, thereby generating knowledge gaps about non-bee pollinators. This study looks at the taxonomic and functional diversity in central Chile, as well as the abundance of major pollinator groups (native beetles, flies, wild bees, and lepidopterans), and how these are influenced by landscape and apple orchard characteristics. For two seasons, native and managed pollinators were recorded in nine apple orchards with different management approaches (organic vs conventional) and apple varieties (Gala vs Fuji). The taxonomic and functional diversity of major pollinator groups were correlated with distance to the nearest native forest patch. We measured the edge effect on pollinators toward the interior of apple orchards and analyzed the results with one-way ANOVA. Lastly, we associated the diversity and abundance of pollinators with landscape and apple orchards characteristics using GLMM. Excepted managed bees and contrary to the global trend in apple studies, native flies and beetles were the most dominant pollinators, the latter being more abundant at the orchard edge. The distance to the native forest patch was correlated negatively to the functional richness and positively to body temperature, while that same variable influenced the abundance of total native pollinators, beetles, flies, and wild bees. The gala variety was found to attract greater pollinator richness and more wild bees, whereas organic orchards positively influence native flies and conventional orchards attract lepidopterans. Moreover, the number of honey bees influences the abundance of wild bees and lepidopterans. Land intensification practices could decrease the taxonomic and functional diversity of pollinators. Management alternatives like increased landscape heterogeneity or native habitat restoration, could to maintain apple fruit production in space and time.

本地授粉媒介是提高苹果园果实产量和通过分类学和功能多样性保持产量稳定的关键。一些研究表明，与最近的原生森林斑块的距离、边缘效应或苹果园管理会调节传粉媒介的丰富度和丰度。然而，此类研究主要集中在蜜蜂上，从而产生了关于非蜜蜂传粉者的知识空白。本研究着眼于智利中部的分类学和功能多样性，以及主要传粉者群体（本地甲虫、苍蝇、野蜂和鳞翅目）的丰富性，以及这些如何受到景观和苹果园特征的影响。两个赛季以来，在采用不同管理方法（有机与传统）和苹果品种（Gala 与富士）的九个苹果园中记录了本地和管理授粉者。主要传粉者群体的分类学和功能多样性与到最近的原生森林斑块的距离相关。我们测量了传粉者对苹果园内部的边缘效应，并用单向方差分析分析了结果。最后，我们使用 GLMM 将传粉者的多样性和丰富度与景观和苹果园特征联系起来。除了受管理的蜜蜂外，与苹果研究的全球趋势相反，本地苍蝇和甲虫是最主要的传粉者，后者在果园边缘更为丰富。与原生森林斑块的距离与功能丰富度呈负相关，与体温呈正相关，而同一变量会影响本地传粉者、甲虫、苍蝇和野蜂的总丰度。晚宴品种被发现可以吸引更多的传粉者和更多的野蜂，而有机果园对本地苍蝇产生积极影响，而传统果园则吸引鳞翅目昆虫。此外，蜜蜂的数量会影响野蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的数量。土地集约化做法可能会降低传粉媒介的分类学和功能多样性。管理替代方案，如增加景观异质性或恢复原生栖息地，可以在空间和时间上维持苹果果实的生产。而同样的变量影响了本地传粉者、甲虫、苍蝇和野蜂的数量。晚宴品种被发现可以吸引更多的传粉者和更多的野蜂，而有机果园对本地苍蝇产生积极影响，而传统果园则吸引鳞翅目昆虫。此外，蜜蜂的数量会影响野蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的数量。土地集约化做法可能会降低传粉媒介的分类学和功能多样性。管理替代方案，如增加景观异质性或恢复原生栖息地，可以在空间和时间上维持苹果果实的生产。而同样的变量影响了本地传粉者、甲虫、苍蝇和野蜂的数量。晚宴品种被发现可以吸引更多的传粉者和更多的野蜂，而有机果园对本地苍蝇产生积极影响，而传统果园则吸引鳞翅目昆虫。此外，蜜蜂的数量会影响野蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的数量。土地集约化做法可能会降低传粉媒介的分类学和功能多样性。管理替代方案，如增加景观异质性或恢复原生栖息地，可以在空间和时间上维持苹果果实的生产。而有机果园对本地苍蝇产生积极影响，而传统果园则吸引鳞翅目昆虫。此外，蜜蜂的数量会影响野蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的数量。土地集约化做法可能会降低传粉媒介的分类学和功能多样性。管理替代方案，如增加景观异质性或恢复原生栖息地，可以在空间和时间上维持苹果果实的生产。而有机果园对本地苍蝇产生积极影响，而传统果园则吸引鳞翅目昆虫。此外，蜜蜂的数量会影响野蜂和鳞翅目昆虫的数量。土地集约化做法可能会降低传粉媒介的分类学和功能多样性。管理替代方案，如增加景观异质性或恢复原生栖息地，可以在空间和时间上维持苹果果实的生产。