Cyberhate is one of the online risks that adolescents can experience online. It is considered a content risk when it is unintentionally encountered and a conduct risk when the user actively searches for it. Previous research has not differentiated between these experiences, although they can concern different groups of adolescents and be connected to distinctive risk factors. To address this, our study first focuses on both unintentional and intentional exposure and investigates the individual-level risk factors that differentiate them. Second, we compare each exposed group of adolescents with those who were not exposed to cyberhate. We used survey data from a representative sample of adolescents (N = 6,033, aged 12-16 years, 50.3 percent girls) from eight European countries-Czechia, Finland, Flanders, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia-and conducted multinomial logistic regression. Our findings show that adolescents with higher sensation seeking, proactive normative beliefs about aggression (NBA), and who report cyberhate perpetration, are at higher risk of intentionally searching for cyberhate contents compared with those who are unintentionally exposed. In comparison with unexposed adolescents, reporting other risky experiences was a risk factor for both types of exposure. Furthermore, NBA worked differently-reactive NBA was a risk factor for intentional exposure, but proactive NBA did not play a role and even decreased the chance of unintentional exposure. Digital skills increased both types of exposure. Our findings stress the need to differentiate between intentional and unintentional cyberhate exposure and to examine proactive and reactive NBA separately.

中文翻译：

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谁在寻找网络仇恨？与有意或无意接触网络仇恨相关的青少年特征。

网络仇恨是青少年在网上可能遇到的网络风险之一。当无意遇到时被视为内容风险，当用户主动搜索时被视为行为风险。先前的研究并未区分这些经历，尽管它们可能涉及不同的青少年群体并与独特的风险因素相关。为了解决这个问题，我们的研究首先关注无意和有意的暴露，并调查区分它们的个人风险因素。其次，我们将每个暴露于网络仇恨的青少年群体与那些未暴露于网络仇恨的青少年进行比较。我们使用了来自八个欧洲国家（捷克、芬兰、佛兰德斯、法国、意大利、波兰、罗马尼亚和斯洛伐克）的青少年代表性样本（N = 6,033，年龄 12-16 岁，50.3% 是女孩）的调查数据，并进行了多项研究逻辑回归。我们的研究结果表明，与那些无意接触网络仇恨内容的青少年相比，具有较高感觉寻求、对攻击行为具有积极规范信念（NBA）以及报告网络仇恨行为的青少年有意搜索网络仇恨内容的风险更高。与未暴露的青少年相比，报告其他危险经历是这两种暴露的风险因素。此外，NBA的运作方式有所不同——反应性NBA是有意暴露的风险因素，但主动性NBA并没有发挥作用，甚至还减少了无意暴露的机会。数字技能增加了这两种类型的接触。我们的研究结果强调需要区分有意和无意的网络仇恨暴露，并分别检查主动和被动的 NBA。