According to Schaffer, most of the controversial entities that ontologists debate exist. Schaffer calls this view permissivism and he defends it by appealing to easy arguments for the existence of the entities in question. Schaffer presents several easy arguments, but his easy argument for fictional characters and his easy argument for God play a crucial role in his defence of permissivism. In this paper, I argue that Schaffer doesn’t have the resources to defend his easy argument for fictional characters or his easy argument for God. So, his defence of permissivism fails.

中文翻译：

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谢弗、夏洛克和沙代

根据 Schaffer 的说法，本体论者争论的大多数有争议的实体都是存在的。Schaffer 将这种观点称为宽容主义，他通过诉诸简单的论证来为所讨论的实体的存在辩护。沙弗提出了几个简单的论点，但他对虚构人物的简单论证和他对上帝的简单论证在他为宽容主义辩护中发挥了至关重要的作用。在本文中，我认为 Schaffer 没有足够的资源来捍卫他对虚构人物的简单论证或他对上帝的简单论证。因此，他对宽容主义的辩护失败了。