Abstract. The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere. According to the Sixth Assessment Report by Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this planetary warming over multiple decades is human-driven and results in unprecedented and committed changes to the Earth system, with adverse impacts for ecosystems and human systems. The Earth heat inventory provides a measure of the Earth energy imbalance (EEI) and allows for quantifying how much heat has accumulated in the Earth system, as well as where the heat is stored. Here we show that the Earth system has continued to accumulate heat, with 381±61 ZJ accumulated from 1971 to 2020. This is equivalent to a heating rate (i.e., the EEI) of 0.48±0.1 W m−2. The majority, about 89 %, of this heat is stored in the ocean, followed by about 6 % on land, 1 % in the atmosphere, and about 4 % available for melting the cryosphere. Over the most recent period (2006–2020), the EEI amounts to 0.76±0.2 W m−2. The Earth energy imbalance is the most fundamental global climate indicator that the scientific community and the public can use as the measure of how well the world is doing in the task of bringing anthropogenic climate change under control. Moreover, this indicator is highly complementary to other established ones like global mean surface temperature as it represents a robust measure of the rate of climate change and its future commitment. We call for an implementation of the Earth energy imbalance into the Paris Agreement's Global Stocktake based on best available science. The Earth heat inventory in this study, updated from von Schuckmann et al. (2020), is underpinned by worldwide multidisciplinary collaboration and demonstrates the critical importance of concerted international efforts for climate change monitoring and community-based recommendations and we also call for urgently needed actions for enabling continuity, archiving, rescuing, and calibrating efforts to assure improved and long-term monitoring capacity of the global climate observing system. The data for the Earth heat inventory are publicly available, and more details are provided in Table 4.

中文翻译：

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1960-2020 年地球系统中储存的热量：能量去了哪里？

摘要。地球气候系统能量失衡，热量在过去几十年不断积累，使海洋、陆地、冰冻圈和大气层变暖。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会第一工作组的第六次评估报告，几十年来的地球变暖是由人类驱动的，导致地球系统发生前所未有的重大变化，对生态系统和人类系统产生不利影响。地球热量库存提供了地球能量失衡 (EEI) 的衡量标准，并允许量化地球系统中积累的热量以及热量储存的位置。这里我们显示地球系统一直在持续积累热量，从 1971 年到 2020 年积累了 381±61 ZJ。这相当于加热率（即 EEI）为 0.48±0。1W·m−2。这些热量的大部分（约 89%）储存在海洋中，其次是陆地上的约 6%，大气中的 1%，以及约 4% 可用于融化冰冻圈。最近一段时间（2006-2020 年），EEI 达到 0.76±0.2 W m−2。地球能量失衡是最基本的全球气候指标，科学界和公众可以使用它来衡量世界在控制人为气候变化方面的表现。此外，该指标与全球平均地表温度等其他既定指标高度互补，因为它代表了气候变化速度及其未来承诺的有力衡量标准。我们呼吁根据现有最佳科学将地球能量失衡纳入《巴黎协定》的全球盘点。本研究中的地球热量清单，更新自 von Schuckmann 等人。（2020 年），以全球多学科合作为基础，展示了国际社会共同努力对气候变化监测和基于社区的建议的重要性，我们还呼吁采取迫切需要的行动，以实现连续性、存档、救援和校准工作，以确保改进全球气候观测系统的长期监测能力。地球热量清单的数据是公开的，表 4 中提供了更多详细信息。以全球多学科合作为基础，表明国际社会共同努力对气候变化监测和基于社区的建议至关重要全球气候观测系统的监测能力。地球热量清单的数据是公开的，表 4 中提供了更多详细信息。以全球多学科合作为基础，表明国际社会共同努力对气候变化监测和基于社区的建议至关重要全球气候观测系统的监测能力。地球热量清单的数据是公开的，表 4 中提供了更多详细信息。