This article presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of Fårdrup and Valsømagle-type shafthole axes from Denmark and southern Sweden. The combination of artefact style and typology with trace element and lead isotope data in the analysis has provided new insights into the chronological relationship between these two axe types. This way, we open a new window to long-standing debates surrounding these artefact types. Did Fårdrup and Valsømagle type axes evolve parallel, or did they replace each other chronologically in evolutionary progression? The archaeometallurgical dataset presented in this article includes more than 70 axes. Four axes have been analysed for this article. This large set of data is then assessed against a background of metal analyses which trace the long and winding evolution of the use of bronze in Scandinavia c.2300–1400 BC. Combining these two datasets shows the provenance of the metals and, thus, provides insights into metallurgical developments at the onset of the Nordic Bronze Age (NBA, c.1600 BC). In particular, the shafthole axes offer new evidence of the use of a novel type of copper from the East Alpine region based on chalcopyrite ores. The first occurrences of this low-impurity copper in southern Scandinavia appeared around 1700 BC. However, it would eventually become dominant in c.1600 BC, when the local production of shafthole axes began. Significantly, a fraction of the shafthole axes – Fårdrup and Valsømagle-types alike – consist of low impurity copper most likely derived from the Italian Alps (Trentino), which was absent in earlier periods. By NBA II 1500–1300 BC, most metal objects can be related to this northern Italian copper. We interpret this in terms of chronology: Fårdrup (⁓Koszider) and Valsømagle (⁓Tumulus B1) consisted of similar types of copper, which had declined by the onset of NBA II, all indicating that Fårdrup and Valsømagle style objects flourished before the beginning of NBA II (c.1500 BC). The small influx of north Italian copper in the axes indicates that its arrival began before the breakthrough of NBA II. Therefore, while the results of the metal analyses cannot exclude chronological differences between the two shafthole axe types over the 16th century BC, it is probable that their timelines coincided. In summary, our results display correlations between societal developments and thresholds on the one hand and metal provenances and trade routes on the other.

中文翻译：

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公元前 1600 年：Fårdrup 和 Valsømagle 型轴以及南阿尔卑斯金属的第一个证据

本文介绍了对来自丹麦和瑞典南部的 Fårdrup 和 Valsømagle 型井孔轴线进行综合调查的结果。在分析中将人工制品风格和类型学与微量元素和铅同位素数据相结合，为了解这两种斧头类型之间的时间顺序关系提供了新的见解。通过这种方式，我们为围绕这些人工制品类型的长期争论打开了一个新窗口。Fårdrup 和 Valsømagle 型轴是平行进化的，还是它们在进化过程中按时间顺序相互取代？本文中介绍的考古冶金数据集包括 70 多个轴。本文分析了四个轴。然后在金属分析的背景下评估这一庞大的数据集，这些分析追踪了斯堪的纳维亚半岛使用青铜的漫长而曲折的演变C。2300-1400公元前. 结合这两个数据集显示了金属的来源，从而提供了对北欧青铜时代开始时冶金发展的见解（NBA,C。1600公元前). 特别是，井孔轴线提供了新的证据，证明使用了一种基于黄铜矿矿石的东阿尔卑斯地区的新型铜。1700 年左右，斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部首次出现这种低杂质铜公元前. 然而，它最终将成为主导C。1600公元前, 当地开始生产轴孔轴。值得注意的是，一小部分井孔轴（Fårdrup 和 Valsømagle 型类似）由低杂质铜组成，很可能来自意大利阿尔卑斯山（特伦蒂诺），这在早期是不存在的。经过NBA II1500-1300公元前，大多数金属物品都可能与这种意大利北部的铜有关。我们根据年代学来解释这一点：Fårdrup（⁓Koszider）和 Valsømagle（⁓Tumulus B1）由相似类型的铜组成，随着NBA II, 都表明 Fårdrup 和 Valsømagle 风格的物品在NBA II(C。1500公元前). 斧头中少量意大利北部铜的涌入表明它的到来是在突破之前开始的NBA II. 因此，虽然金属分析的结果不能排除 16 世纪两种轴孔斧类型之间的年代差异公元前，很可能他们的时间线是重合的。总之，我们的结果一方面显示了社会发展和门槛之间的相关性，另一方面显示了金属来源和贸易路线之间的相关性。