Why are hard decisions hard? According to the incomparabilists, hard choices are hard because the options cannot be compared. Proponents of parity hold that hard choices are hard because the options can be compared but only in terms of a fourth value relation—parity—in addition to the three standard relations: better, worse, and equally good. Others claim that hard choices are hard because it is vague (or indeterminate) how the options relate in terms of the three standard relations. Lastly, there is the epistemicist. For the epistemicist, hard choices are hard because one is irresolvably ignorant about how the options compare. In the debate about hard choices, epistemicism is often mentioned but rarely defended. The present paper is a contribution to closing this gap.

中文翻译：

---

平价与无知

为什么艰难的决定是艰难的？根据不可比论者的说法，艰难的选择是艰难的，因为选项无法比较。平等的支持者认为，艰难的选择是艰难的，因为选项可以进行比较，但只能根据第四种价值关系——平等——除了三种标准关系：更好、更差和同样好。其他人声称艰难的选择是艰难的，因为它是模糊的（或不确定的）选项如何与三个标准关系相关。最后，还有认识论者。对于认知主义者来说，艰难的选择是艰难的，因为人们对这些选择的比较方式一无所知。在关于艰难选择的辩论中，认识论经常被提及，但很少有人为之辩护。本文为缩小这一差距做出了贡献。