Nitrifying Microorganisms Linked to Biotransformation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamido Precursors from Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foams,Environmental Science & Technology

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Nitrifying Microorganisms Linked to Biotransformation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamido Precursors from Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foams
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07178
Bridger J Ruyle ₁ , Lara Schultes ₁ , Denise M Akob ₂ , Cassandra R Harris ₂ , Michelle M Lorah ₃ , Simon Vojta ₄ , Jitka Becanova ₄ , Shelley McCann ₅ , Heidi M Pickard ₁ , Ann Pearson _{1,

5} , Rainer Lohmann ₄ , Chad D Vecitis ₁ , Elsie M Sunderland _{1,

5,

6}

Affiliation

Drinking water supplies across the United States have been contaminated by firefighting and fire-training activities that use aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Much of the AFFF is manufactured using electrochemical fluorination by 3M. Precursors with six perfluorinated carbons (C6) and non-fluorinated amine substituents make up approximately one-third of the PFAS in 3M AFFF. C6 precursors can be transformed through nitrification (microbial oxidation) of amine moieties into perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), a compound of regulatory concern. Here, we report biotransformation of the most abundant C6 sulfonamido precursors in 3M AFFF with available commercial standards (FHxSA, PFHxSAm, and PFHxSAmS) in microcosms representative of the groundwater/surface water boundary. Results show rapid (<1 day) biosorption to living cells by precursors but slow biotransformation into PFHxS (1–100 pM day^–1). The transformation pathway includes one or two nitrification steps and is supported by the detection of key intermediates using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Increasing nitrate concentrations and total abundance of nitrifying taxa occur in parallel with precursor biotransformation. Together, these data provide multiple lines of evidence supporting microbially limited biotransformation of C6 sulfonamido precursors involving ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Nitrososphaeria) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospina). Further elucidation of interrelationships between precursor biotransformation and nitrogen cycling in ecosystems would help inform site remediation efforts.

中文翻译：

硝化微生物与传统水性成膜泡沫中全氟烷基磺酰胺前体的生物转化有关

美国各地的饮用水供应都受到消防和消防训练活动的污染，这些活动使用含有全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的水性成膜泡沫 (AFFF)。大部分 AFFF 都是使用 3M 的电化学氟化技术制造的。具有六个全氟化碳 (C6) 和非氟化胺取代基的前体约占 3M AFFF 中 PFAS 的三分之一。C6 前体可通过胺部分的硝化（微生物氧化）转化为全氟己烷磺酸盐 (PFHxS)，这是一种受监管关注的化合物。在这里，我们报告了 3M AFFF 中最丰富的 C6 磺胺前体的生物转化，以及可用的商业标准（FHxSA、PFHxSAm 和 PFHxSAmS）在代表地下水/地表水边界的微观世界中的生物转化。结果显示快速 (<^–1）。转化途径包括一个或两个硝化步骤，并得到使用高分辨率质谱法检测关键中间体的支持。硝酸盐浓度的增加和硝化类群的总丰度与前体生物转化同时发生。总之，这些数据提供了多种证据支持 C6 磺胺类前体的微生物有限生物转化，涉及氨氧化古细菌 ( Nitrososphaeria ) 和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌 ( Nitrospina )。进一步阐明前体生物转化与生态系统中氮循环之间的相互关系将有助于为场地修复工作提供信息。

更新日期：2023-03-27

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