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Monitoring the Monitor? Selective Responses to Human Rights Transgressions
International Studies Quarterly ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-20 , DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqad014
Hana Attia 1 , Julia Grauvogel 2
Affiliation  

Sanctions are among the most frequently used foreign policy tools to address human rights violations, but they can be highly politicized. Since the early 2000s, human rights sanctions have been increasingly triggered by standardized rankings of states’ performances. While research on economic statecraft suggests that coercive measures based on cross-national assessments may be less influenced by strategic considerations, scholarship on rankings highlights how standardized performance indicators can also be political. This paper investigates whether sanctions based on standardized human rights assessments are also influenced by senders’ strategic political and economic interests. Empirically, we examine the case of United States human trafficking sanctions that combines universal rankings in the first stage and country-specific sanctions waivers in the second. The analysis leverages novel data on all Trafficking in Persons (TIP) rankings by the US State Department and presidential sanctions waivers from 2003 to 2018. Despite the TIP report's reputation as a reliable indicator, we find that both stages in the process of imposing human trafficking sanctions are driven by strategic attempts to minimize the economic and political costs of sanctions for the US. These findings have broader implications for the reputation and effectiveness of other human rights rankings by the US.

中文翻译:

监控监视器?对侵犯人权行为的选择性反应

制裁是解决侵犯人权问题最常用的外交政策工具之一,但它们可能被高度政治化。自 2000 年代初以来,对国家表现的标准化排名越来越多地引发人权制裁。虽然对经济治国方略的研究表明,基于跨国评估的强制措施可能较少受到战略考虑的影响,但排名学术研究强调标准化绩效指标也可以具有政治性。本文调查基于标准化人权评估的制裁是否也受到发送者的战略政治和经济利益的影响。根据经验,我们研究了美国人口贩运制裁的案例,该制裁结合了第一阶段的普遍排名和第二阶段的特定国家/地区制裁豁免。该分析利用了美国国务院关于所有人口贩运 (TIP) 排名和 2003 年至 2018 年总统制裁豁免的新数据。尽管 TIP 报告享有可靠指标的声誉,但我们发现实施人口贩运过程的两个阶段制裁是由战略尝试驱动的,目的是尽量减少制裁对美国造成的经济和政治成本。这些调查结果对美国其他人权排名的声誉和有效性具有更广泛的影响。该分析利用了美国国务院关于所有人口贩运 (TIP) 排名和 2003 年至 2018 年总统制裁豁免的新数据。尽管 TIP 报告享有可靠指标的声誉,但我们发现实施人口贩运过程的两个阶段制裁是由战略尝试驱动的,目的是尽量减少制裁对美国造成的经济和政治成本。这些调查结果对美国其他人权排名的声誉和有效性具有更广泛的影响。该分析利用了美国国务院关于所有人口贩运 (TIP) 排名和 2003 年至 2018 年总统制裁豁免的新数据。尽管 TIP 报告享有可靠指标的声誉,但我们发现实施人口贩运过程的两个阶段制裁是由战略尝试驱动的,目的是尽量减少制裁对美国造成的经济和政治成本。这些调查结果对美国其他人权排名的声誉和有效性具有更广泛的影响。
更新日期:2023-03-20
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