Mercury-Modulated Immune Responses in Arctic Barnacle Goslings (Branta leucopsis) upon a Viral-Like Immune Challenge,Environmental Science & Technology

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Mercury-Modulated Immune Responses in Arctic Barnacle Goslings (Branta leucopsis) upon a Viral-Like Immune Challenge
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07622
Biyao Han ₁ , Hans van den Berg ₁ , Maarten J J E Loonen ₂ , Rafael Mateo ₃ , Nico W van den Brink ₁

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Historical mining activities in Svalbard (79°N/12°E) have caused local mercury (Hg) contamination. To address the potential immunomodulatory effects of environmental Hg on Arctic organisms, we collected newborn barnacle goslings (Branta leucopsis) and herded them in either a control or mining site, differing in Hg levels. An additional group at the mining site was exposed to extra inorganic Hg(II) via supplementary feed. Hepatic total Hg concentrations differed significantly between the control (0.011 ± 0.002 mg/kg dw), mine (0.043 ± 0.011 mg/kg dw), and supplementary feed (0.713 ± 0.137 mg/kg dw) gosling groups (average ± standard deviation). Upon immune challenge with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection, endpoints for immune responses and oxidative stress were measured after 24 h. Our results indicated that Hg exposure modulated the immune responses in Arctic barnacle goslings upon a viral-like immune challenge. Increased exposure to both environmental as well as supplemental Hg reduced the level of natural antibodies, suggesting impaired humoral immunity. Hg exposure upregulated the expression of proinflammatory genes in the spleen, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin 18 (IL18), suggesting Hg-induced inflammatory effects. Exposure to Hg also oxidized glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG); however, goslings were capable of maintaining the redox balance by de novo synthesis of GSH. These adverse effects on the immune responses indicated that even exposure to low, environmentally relevant levels of Hg might affect immune competence at the individual level and might even increase the susceptibility of the population to infections.

中文翻译：

北极藤壶雏鹅 (Branta leucopsis) 对病毒样免疫挑战的汞调节免疫反应

斯瓦尔巴特群岛 (79°N/12°E) 的历史采矿活动造成了当地的汞 (Hg) 污染。为了解决环境汞对北极生物体的潜在免疫调节作用，我们收集了新生的藤壶小鹅（Branta leucopsis) 并将它们集中在汞含量不同的对照区或采矿区。矿区的另外一组人通过补充饲料暴露于额外的无机 Hg(II)。肝脏总汞浓度在对照组 (0.011 ± 0.002 mg/kg dw)、我的 (0.043 ± 0.011 mg/kg dw) 和补充饲料 (0.713 ± 0.137 mg/kg dw) 小鹅组之间存在显着差异（平均值 ± 标准偏差） . 在用双链 RNA (dsRNA) 注射进行免疫挑战后，24 小时后测量免疫反应和氧化应激的终点。我们的结果表明，汞暴露调节了北极藤壶雏鹅在病毒样免疫挑战时的免疫反应。增加接触环境和补充汞会降低天然抗体的水平，这表明体液免疫力受损。汞暴露上调了脾脏中促炎基因的表达，包括诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) 和白细胞介素 18 (IL18)，表明汞诱导了炎症作用。接触汞还会将谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 氧化为谷胱甘肽二硫化物 (GSSG)；然而，小鹅能够通过从头合成 GSH 来维持氧化还原平衡。这些对免疫反应的不利影响表明，即使暴露于与环境相关的低汞水平，也可能影响个体水平的免疫能力，甚至可能增加人群对感染的易感性。接触汞还会将谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 氧化为谷胱甘肽二硫化物 (GSSG)；然而，小鹅能够通过从头合成 GSH 来维持氧化还原平衡。这些对免疫反应的不利影响表明，即使暴露于与环境相关的低汞水平，也可能影响个体水平的免疫能力，甚至可能增加人群对感染的易感性。接触汞还会将谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 氧化为谷胱甘肽二硫化物 (GSSG)；然而，小鹅能够通过从头合成 GSH 来维持氧化还原平衡。这些对免疫反应的不利影响表明，即使暴露于与环境相关的低汞水平，也可能影响个体水平的免疫能力，甚至可能增加人群对感染的易感性。

更新日期：2023-03-20

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