Objective: In this pilot-study, the effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on glycaemic control and metabolic parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) were explored.
Material and Methods: A total of 50 T1DM patients were enrolled and randomly placed into a group receiving capsules containing multi-probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacterium bulagricumi, Streptococcus thermophilus) and insulin (probiotics group, n = 27) or a group receiving a placebo and insulin (placebo group, n = 23). All patients underwent continuous glucose monitoring at baseline and 12 weeks after intervention. The primary outcomes were determined by comparing factors such as changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between the groups.
Results: Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced FBG (− 1.0 ± 4.7 vs 1.8 ± 4.7 mmol/L, p = 0.048), 30 min postprandial glucose (− 0.5 ± 4.6 vs 1.9 ± 3.3 mmol/L, p = 0.0495), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (− 0.07 ± 0.45 vs 0.32 ± 0.78 mmol/L, p = 0.0413), compared with the placebo. Although not statistically significant, probiotic supplementation also lowered HbA1c levels by 0.49% (− 5.33 mmol/mol, p = 0.310). Besides, no significant difference was observed in the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) parameters between the two groups. Further subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in mean sensor glucose (MSG; − 0.75 (− 2.11, 0.48) mmol/L vs 1.51 (− 0.37, 2.74) mmol/L, p = 0.010) and time above range (TAR; − 5.47 (− 20.1, 3.04)% vs 18.9 (− 1.11, 35.6)%, p = 0.006), as well as an greater improvement in the time in range (TIR; 9.32 (− 4.84, 16.6)% vs − 19.9 (− 31.4, 0.69)%, p = 0.005) in male patients than female patients in the probiotics group.
Conclusion: Multispecies probiotics exerted beneficial effects on fasting and postprandial glucose and lipid profiles in adult T1DM patients, especially for male patients and those with higher baseline FBG levels.

Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, glycaemic variability, lipid profile, probiotics, type 1 diabetes mellitus


中文翻译：

---

多物种益生菌补充剂对 1 型糖尿病成人的血糖控制和代谢特征的有益影响：一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的试点研究

目的：在这项试点研究中，探讨了多种益生菌补充剂对成人 1 型糖尿病 (T1DM) 血糖控制和代谢参数的影响。
材料和方法：共有 50 名 T1DM 患者被纳入并随机分配到一组接受含有多种益生菌菌株（长双歧杆菌、布拉格乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌）的胶囊) 和胰岛素（益生菌组，n = 27）或接受安慰剂和胰岛素的组（安慰剂组，n = 23）。所有患者在基线和干预后 12 周都接受了连续血糖监测。主要结果是通过比较各组之间的空腹血糖 (FBG) 和血红蛋白 A1c (HbA1c) 变化等因素来确定的。
结果：补充益生菌可显着降低 FBG（− 1.0 ± 4.7 对比 1.8 ± 4.7 mmol/L，p = 0.048）、餐后 30 分钟血糖（− 0.5 ± 4.6 对比 1.9 ± 3.3 mmol/L，p = 0.0495）和低密度脂蛋白与安慰剂相比，胆固醇（− 0.07 ± 0.45 vs 0.32 ± 0.78 mmol/L，p = 0.0413）。虽然没有统计学意义，但益生菌补充剂也可将 HbA1c 水平降低 0.49%（− 5.33 mmol/mol，p = 0.310）。此外，两组间的连续血糖监测（CGM）参数无显着差异。进一步的亚组分析显示平均传感器葡萄糖 (MSG; − 0.75 (− 2.11, 0.48) mmol/L 对比 1.51 (− 0.37, 2.74) mmol/L, p = 0.010) 和超出范围的时间 (TAR; − 5.47) 显着降低(− 20.1, 3.04)% 对比 18.9 (− 1.11, 35.6)%, p = 0.006)，以及范围内时间 (TIR; 9.
结论：多种益生菌对成年 T1DM 患者的空腹和餐后血糖和血脂水平产生有益影响，尤其是男性患者和基线 FBG 水平较高的患者。

关键词：连续血糖监测，血糖变异性，血脂谱，益生菌，1 型糖尿病