Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in the past decade. The nutritional status of patients with IBD is often impaired, with malnutrition presenting as imbalanced energy or nutrient intake, including protein-energy malnutrition, disease-related malnutrition, sarcopenia, and micronutrient deficiency. Additionally, malnutrition can manifest as overweight, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity. Malnutrition can lead to disturbances in gut microbiome composition that might alter homoeostasis and cause a dysbiotic state, potentially triggering inflammatory responses. Despite the clear link between IBD and malnutrition, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms beyond protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies that could promote inflammation through malnutrition, and vice versa. This Review focuses on potential mechanisms that trigger a vicious cycle between malnutrition and inflammation, and their clinical and therapeutic implications.

包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎在内的炎症性肠病(IBD)在过去十年中在全球范围内变得越来越普遍。IBD患者的营养状况往往受损，营养不良表现为能量或营养素摄入不平衡，包括蛋白质能量营养不良、疾病相关营养不良、肌肉减少症和微量营养素缺乏。此外，营养不良可表现为超重、肥胖和肌肉减少性肥胖。营养不良会导致肠道微生物群失调成分可能会改变体内平衡并导致失调状态，从而可能引发炎症反应。尽管 IBD 与营养不良之间存在明确联系，但除了蛋白质能量营养不良和微量营养素缺乏可能通过营养不良促进炎症，反之亦然，人们对病理生理机制知之甚少。本综述侧重于引发营养不良和炎症之间恶性循环的潜在机制，及其临床和治疗意义。