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Intellectual courage and inquisitive reasons
Philosophical Studies ( IF 1.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s11098-023-01932-8
Will Fleisher

Intellectual courage requires acting to promote epistemic goods despite significant risk of harm. Courage is distinguished from recklessness and cowardice because the expected epistemic benefit of a courageous action outweighs (in some sense) the threatened harm. Sometimes, however, inquirers pursue theories that are not best supported by their current evidence. For these inquirers, the expected epistemic benefit of their actions cannot be explained by appeal to their evidence alone. The probability of pursuing the true theory cannot contribute enough to the expected epistemic benefit for the action to count as courageous rather than reckless. Thus, there must be some other epistemic consideration which favors their action, besides evidence for their theory. I argue that the proper account of intellectual courage requires recognition of inquisitive reasons: a distinct category of epistemic reasons which concern successful inquiry. This category includes reasons to think a theory itself is promising, e.g., that the theory suggests potentially fruitful new research. It also includes social epistemic reasons, e.g., that pursuing a theory will improve the distribution of cognitive labor. Inquisitive reasons help explain why researchers who pursue improbable theories count as intellectually courageous, rather than reckless. The expected epistemic benefit of an action is partially determined by the inquisitive reasons in its favor. On my account, intellectually courageous inquiry requires acting in a way that is sensitive to inquisitive reasons.



中文翻译:

知识分子的勇气和好奇的理由

尽管有很大的伤害风险,但智力上的勇气需要采取行动来推广认知商品。勇气有别于鲁莽和懦弱,因为勇敢行动的预期认知收益超过(在某种意义上)受到威胁的伤害。然而,有时,询问者追求的理论并没有得到他们当前证据的最佳支持。对于这些询问者,他们行为的预期认知收益不能仅通过诉诸他们的证据来解释。追求真实理论的可能性不足以对预期的认知收益做出贡献,使该行动算作勇敢而不是鲁莽。因此,除了他们的理论的证据之外,必须有一些其他的认知考虑有利于他们的行动。我认为,正确解释智力勇气需要承认探究原因:一种与成功探究有关的认知原因的独特类别。此类别包括认为理论本身很有前途的理由,例如,该理论表明可能有成果的新研究。它还包括社会认知原因,例如,追求一种理论将改善认知劳动的分配。好奇的原因有助于解释为什么追求不可能的理论的研究人员被认为是勇敢的,而不是鲁莽的。一项行动的预期认知利益部分取决于对其有利的好奇理由。就我而言,在理智上勇敢的探究需要以对探究原因敏感的方式行事。与成功探究有关的一类不同的认知原因。此类别包括认为理论本身很有前途的理由,例如,该理论表明可能有成果的新研究。它还包括社会认知原因,例如,追求一种理论将改善认知劳动的分配。好奇的原因有助于解释为什么追求不可能的理论的研究人员被认为是勇敢的,而不是鲁莽的。一项行动的预期认知利益部分取决于对其有利的好奇理由。就我而言,在理智上勇敢的探究需要以对探究原因敏感的方式行事。与成功探究有关的一类不同的认知原因。此类别包括认为理论本身很有前途的理由,例如,该理论表明可能有成果的新研究。它还包括社会认知原因,例如,追求一种理论将改善认知劳动的分配。好奇的原因有助于解释为什么追求不可能的理论的研究人员被认为是勇敢的,而不是鲁莽的。一项行动的预期认知利益部分取决于对其有利的好奇理由。就我而言,在理智上勇敢的探究需要以对探究原因敏感的方式行事。它还包括社会认知原因,例如,追求一种理论将改善认知劳动的分配。好奇的原因有助于解释为什么追求不可能的理论的研究人员被认为是勇敢的,而不是鲁莽的。一项行动的预期认知利益部分取决于对其有利的好奇理由。就我而言,在理智上勇敢的探究需要以对探究原因敏感的方式行事。它还包括社会认知原因,例如,追求一种理论将改善认知劳动的分配。好奇的原因有助于解释为什么追求不可能的理论的研究人员被认为是勇敢的,而不是鲁莽的。一项行动的预期认知利益部分取决于对其有利的好奇理由。就我而言,在理智上勇敢的探究需要以对探究原因敏感的方式行事。

更新日期:2023-03-16
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