Women’s political rights and their exercise of political citizenship globally have often expanded more rapidly in times of conflict, crisis, and revolution. The decline of empires after World Wars I and II and the creation of new nations served as a catalyst for the expansion of women’s suffrage. Civil wars and revolutions have had similar outcomes in expanding women’s political citizenship. This essay brings together several disparate literatures on World War I, World War II, wars of independence, revolution, and post-1990 civil wars and expands their scope to show how women’s political rights and citizenship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have often been linked to conflict. In doing so, I highlight a notable pathway by which rights expansions occurred: conflict led to changes in the political elite and ruling class, resulting in the necessity to rewrite constitutions and other rules of the polity. During these critical junctures, women’s rights activists gained opportunities to advance their demands. The context of changing international gender norms also influenced these moments. I consider two key moments in the worldwide expansion of political citizenship: the struggle for women’s suffrage and the struggle to expand women’s representation in local and national representative bodies.

中文翻译：

---

战争、革命和妇女政治代表权的扩大

在冲突、危机和革命时期，女性的政治权利和她们在全球范围内行使政治公民权的速度往往更快。第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战后帝国的衰落以及新国家的建立成为扩大妇女选举权的催化剂。内战和革命在扩大妇女的政治公民身份方面产生了类似的结果。本文汇集了关于第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战、独立战争、革命和 1990 年后内战的几篇不同文献，并扩大了它们的范围，以展示 19 世纪和 20 世纪妇女的政治权利和公民身份是如何经常联系在一起的冲突。在这样做的过程中，我强调了权利扩张发生的一个显着途径：冲突导致政治精英和统治阶级的变化，导致有必要重写宪法和其他政体规则。在这些关键时刻，女权活动家获得了提出要求的机会。不断变化的国际性别规范的背景也影响了这些时刻。我考虑了在世界范围内扩大政治公民身份的两个关键时刻：争取妇女选举权的斗争和扩大妇女在地方和国家代表机构中的代表性的斗争。