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Ideological Topography in World Politics: A Guide to the End of the Unipolar-Homogeneous Moment
International Studies Quarterly ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-07 , DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqad011
Justin S Casey 1 , Lucas Dolan 2
Affiliation  

The immediate post–Cold War era was defined by the material and ideological dominance of the United States. Thirty years on, challenges to both types of dominance proliferate. What explains the systemic change currently underway? The conventional wisdom of a shift to bipolarity or multipolarity ignores the possibility of changes within unipolarity. Recent instability is better explained by the decreased dominance of liberal-democratic ideology and the re-emergence of ideological competition. Building on Raymond Aron's analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous international systems, we propose a typology exploring the intersections of systemic distributions of power and ideological topographies. Homogeneous topographies operate on a principle of collusion, reducing uncertainty while promoting restraint, transnational society, and gatekeeping against challenger ideologies. Heterogeneous topographies follow a crisscrossing logic, raising the stakes of relations, contributing to breakdowns in norms of nonintervention, enabling subversion by splitting loyalties, and encouraging repression and the fragmentation of transnational society. Applying this framework, we reappraise the 1990s as a unipolar-homogeneous moment. The emergence of heterogeneity in the mid-2000s, with the rise of authoritarianism and transnational illiberalism, put greater pressure on US unipolarity. This work has implications for debates about US foreign policy, the stability of unipolar systems, and the consequences of systemic change.

中文翻译:

世界政治中的意识形态地形图:单极-均质时刻终结指南

紧随其后的冷战时代是由美国在物质和意识形态上的主导地位所定义的。三十年过去了,对这两种支配地位的挑战激增。如何解释当前正在进行的系统性变化?转向两极或多极的传统智慧忽略了单极内部发生变化的可能性。最近的不稳定可以更好地解释为自由民主意识形态的主导地位下降以及意识形态竞争的重新出现。基于雷蒙德·阿隆 (Raymond Aron) 对同质和异质国际体系的分析,我们提出了一种类型学,探索系统性权力分配与意识形态地形图的交叉点。同质地形学以共谋原则运作,减少不确定性,同时促进约束,跨国社会,以及针对挑战者意识形态的把关。异质地形遵循纵横交错的逻辑,提高了关系的利害关系,导致不干涉规范的崩溃,通过分裂忠诚实现颠覆,并鼓励镇压和跨国社会的分裂。应用这个框架,我们将 1990 年代重新评估为单极同质时刻。2000 年代中期异质性的出现,以及威权主义和跨国非自由主义的兴起,给美国的单极化带来了更大的压力。这项工作对有关美国外交政策、单极体系的稳定性以及系统性变革的后果的辩论具有重要意义。导致不干涉规范的崩溃,通过分裂忠诚来实现颠覆,鼓励镇压和跨国社会的分裂。应用这个框架,我们将 1990 年代重新评估为单极同质时刻。2000 年代中期异质性的出现,以及威权主义和跨国非自由主义的兴起,给美国的单极化带来了更大的压力。这项工作对有关美国外交政策、单极体系的稳定性以及系统性变革的后果的辩论具有重要意义。导致不干涉规范的崩溃,通过分裂忠诚来实现颠覆,鼓励镇压和跨国社会的分裂。应用这个框架,我们将 1990 年代重新评估为单极同质时刻。2000 年代中期异质性的出现,以及威权主义和跨国非自由主义的兴起,给美国的单极化带来了更大的压力。这项工作对有关美国外交政策、单极体系的稳定性以及系统性变革的后果的辩论具有重要意义。随着威权主义和跨国非自由主义的兴起,对美国的单极化施加了更大的压力。这项工作对有关美国外交政策、单极体系的稳定性以及系统性变革的后果的辩论具有重要意义。随着威权主义和跨国非自由主义的兴起,对美国的单极化施加了更大的压力。这项工作对有关美国外交政策、单极体系的稳定性以及系统性变革的后果的辩论具有重要意义。
更新日期:2023-03-07
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