Due to its severity, the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest crises to have tested the European Union’s (EU) ability to take effective action. The restrictive measures adopted by the Member States to curb its spread affected in particular the free movement of people and partly of goods. This prompted the EU to take action inter alia to maintain essential travel, protect supply chains, enhance contact tracing and facilitate the coordinated resumption of travel. Building on the notion of “output legitimacy”, this paper assesses the EU’s success in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in transport by looking at the four main initiatives between the end of 2020 and June 2022, namely: (1) the EU Digital COVID Certificates; (2) cross-border contact tracing through Passenger Locator Forms; (3) the “Green Lanes” for freight transport; and (4) the coordinated approach to facilitating safe and free movement. These initiatives are measured against the EU’s legal competence, economic interests, political pressure and the added value of EU action. While recognising the small set of cases, the results show that, although legal competence is a decisive factor for success, EU initiatives can achieve equivalent effect even in its absence, provided other conditions are met.

中文翻译：

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好的、坏的和其他的：欧盟如何应对运输部门的 COVID-19 大流行

由于其严重性，COVID-19 大流行是考验欧盟 (EU) 采取有效行动能力的最大危机之一。成员国为遏制其传播而采取的限制措施尤其影响了人员和部分货物的自由流动。这促使欧盟采取行动除其他外维持必要的旅行，保护供应链，加强接触者追踪并促进旅行的协调恢复。基于“产出合法性”的概念，本文通过考察 2020 年底至 2022 年 6 月之间的四项主要举措，评估了欧盟在应对 COVID-19 交通运输大流行方面的成功，即：(1) 欧盟数字COVID 证书；(2) 通过 Passenger Locator Forms 追踪跨境接触者；（三）货运“绿色通道”；(4) 促进安全和自由流动的协调方法。这些倡议是根据欧盟的法律能力、经济利益、政治压力和欧盟行动的附加值来衡量的。虽然承认案件数量较少，但结果表明，尽管法律能力是成功的决定性因素，