Urologic cancers, particularly kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer, have a growing incidence and account for about a million annual deaths worldwide. Treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy are the main therapeutic options in urologic cancers. Immunotherapy is now a clinical reality with marked success in solid tumors. Immunological checkpoint blockade, non-specific activation of the immune system, adoptive cell therapy, and tumor vaccine are the main modalities of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has long been used to treat urologic cancers; however, dose-limiting toxicities and low response rates remain major challenges in the clinic. Herein, nanomaterial-based platforms are utilized as the "savior". The combination of nanotechnology with immunotherapy can achieve precision medicine, enhance efficacy, and reduce toxicities. In this review, we highlight the principles of cancer immunotherapy in urology. Meanwhile, we summarize the nano-immune technology and platforms currently used for urologic cancer treatment. The ultimate goal is to help in the rational design of strategies for nanomedicine-based immunotherapy in urologic cancer.

中文翻译：

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用于联合泌尿系统癌症免疫治疗的纳米医学。


泌尿系统癌症，特别是肾癌、膀胱癌和前列腺癌的发病率不断上升，全世界每年约有一百万人死于泌尿系统癌症。治疗方法包括手术、化疗、放疗、激素治疗和免疫治疗，是泌尿系统癌症的主要治疗选择。免疫疗法现已成为临床现实，在实体瘤治疗中取得了显着的成功。免疫检查点阻断、免疫系统非特异性激活、过继细胞疗法和肿瘤疫苗是免疫治疗的主要方式。免疫疗法长期以来一直用于治疗泌尿系统癌症。然而，剂量限制性毒性和低反应率仍然是临床的主要挑战。在这里，基于纳米材料的平台被用作“救世主”。纳米技术与免疫疗法的结合可以实现精准医疗、增强疗效、降低毒性。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍泌尿科癌症免疫治疗的原理。同时，我们总结了目前用于泌尿系癌症治疗的纳米免疫技术和平台。最终目标是帮助合理设计基于纳米医学的泌尿系统癌症免疫治疗策略。