Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-02-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01819-y Thomas Zandonai 1, 2, 3 , Francesco Botrè 4, 5 , Maria Gabriella Abate 4 , Ana María Peiró 2, 6, 7 , Toby Mündel 8, 9
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Background
Nicotine is a psychostimulant drug with purported use in sports environments, though the use of nicotine among athletes has not been studied extensively.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the nicotine positivity rate in 60,802 anti-doping urine samples from 2012 to 2020.
Methods
Urine samples obtained in-competition at different national and international sports events held in Italy during the period 2012–2020 were analysed. All samples were from anonymous athletes that were collected and analysed at the WADA-accredited antidoping laboratory in Rome, Italy. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, with a cut-off concentration for nicotine of > 50 ng/mL. Results were stratified by year, sport and sex.
Results
An overall mean of 22.7% of the samples (n = 13,804; males: n = 11,099; females: n = 2705) showed nicotine intake, with male samples also displaying higher positivity rates than female (24.1% vs 18.5%). Sample positivity was higher during 2012–2014 (25–33%) than 2015–2020 (15–20%). Samples from team sports displayed a higher positivity rate than those from individual sports (31.4 vs 14.1%).
Conclusions
The current data demonstrates that one in five samples from a range of 90 sports test positive for nicotine in-competition. There is a lower positivity rate in endurance versus power/strength athletes and higher positivity rate in team versus individual sports, probably accounted for by differences in physiological and psychological demands and the desire for socialisation. WADA, international and national sports federations should consider these findings with concern, proactively investigate this phenomenon and act in order to protect the health and welfare of its athletes.
中文翻译：
我们应该关注运动中的尼古丁吗？来自意大利 60,802 次兴奋剂检查的分析
背景
尼古丁是一种精神兴奋剂药物，据称可用于运动环境，但尚未对运动员使用尼古丁进行广泛研究。
客观的
本研究的目的是评估 2012 年至 2020 年 60,802 份反兴奋剂尿样中的尼古丁阳性率。
方法
对 2012 年至 2020 年期间在意大利举行的不同国家和国际体育赛事的比赛中获得的尿液样本进行了分析。所有样本均来自匿名运动员，这些样本是在意大利罗马的 WADA 认可的反兴奋剂实验室收集和分析的。通过气相色谱联用质谱分析样品，尼古丁的截止浓度 > 50 ng/mL。结果按年份、运动和性别分层。
结果
总体平均值为 22.7% 的样本（n = 13,804；男性：n = 11,099；女性：n = 2705）显示尼古丁摄入量，男性样本的阳性率也高于女性（24.1% 对 18.5%）。2012-2014 年的样本阳性率 (25-33%) 高于 2015-2020 年的样本阳性率 (15-20%)。来自团队运动的样本显示出比来自个人运动的样本更高的阳性率（31.4% 对 14.1%）。
结论
目前的数据表明，在 90 项运动项目中，五分之一的样本在比赛中尼古丁检测呈阳性。耐力运动员与力量/力量运动员的积极率较低，团队运动与个人运动的积极率较高，这可能是由于生理和心理需求的差异以及对社交的渴望所致。世界反兴奋剂机构、国际和国家体育联合会应该关注这些发现，积极调查这一现象并采取行动，以保护运动员的健康和福利。
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