Modern power systems are facing the tremendous challenge of integrating vast amounts of variable (non-dispatchable) renewable generation capacity, such as solar photovoltaic or wind power. In this context, the required power system flexibility needs to be allocated in other units that can include energy storage, demand management or providing reserve from renewables curtailing the output power. The present paper proposes the new concept of grid-forming load, which can be considered a totally flexible concept of demand. The concept is not only ensuring the load is supporting the grid stability by adapting the load to the overall system balancing, but also ensures that the load is actually contributing to form the grid and to provide synchronization power to the overall system. In this sense, the new concept allows running a system powered only by renewables operating at maximum power (or operator defined set-point) in grid-following mode, while the overall system control is ubicated in the demand side. This is an important change of paradigm as it considers that all the flexibility, synchronism and stability provision is on the demand side. This concept can applied either to isolated systems or also to future power systems, where millions of loads steer the power system while the renewables are operating at full power. The paper proposes the concept, suggests possible control implementations of the grid-forming load and analyses the concept in four simulation case studies.

中文翻译：

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并网负载：现代电力系统中负载能否负责并网？


现代电力系统面临着整合大量可变（不可调度）可再生能源发电能力（例如太阳能光伏发电或风能）的巨大挑战。在这种情况下，所需的电力系统灵活性需要分配到其他单元，包括能源存储、需求管理或提供可再生能源储备以减少输出功率。本文提出了网格化负荷的新概念，可以认为是一个完全灵活的需求概念。这一概念不仅是通过使负载适应整个系统平衡来确保负载支持电网稳定性，而且还确保负载实际上有助于形成电网并为整个系统提供同步电力。从这个意义上说，新概念允许仅由可再生能源供电的系统以最大功率（或运营商定义的设定点）在电网跟踪模式下运行，而整个系统控制则在需求侧进行。这是范式的一个重要变化，因为它认为所有的灵活性、同步性和稳定性都在需求方提供。这一概念既可以应用于孤立的系统，也可以应用于未来的电力系统，其中数以百万计的负载控制着电力系统，而可再生能源则以全功率运行。本文提出了这一概念，提出了网格形成负载的可能控制实施方案，并在四个模拟案例研究中分析了该概念。