Lack of integrated approaches in the assessment of land, water, and climate-related problems leads to the development of ineffective solutions at the country level. It put further challenges to achieve regional-level sustainable development targets. This is particularly true for countries like India where water, land, and climate problems are very complex and interconnected starting from the watershed level to the regional level. Interlinked synergies work as the key to achieving collective action to target multiple sustainable development goals (SDG). The land, water, and climate components are prioritized in SDG 6, 13, and 15 goals respectively, which are assessed through an integrated approach using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. A semi-arid ungauged Khari basin is selected for the sustainability assessment and hydrologic response study. As the region is critical in terms of shortage of water, land conversions, and climate change and can present a way to address challenges in regional-level sustainability assessments. SWAT model is considered for two land-use scenarios, 1990 and 2015, for the period 1990–2019 and two climate scenarios, Representative Concentrated Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), for the period 2021–2050 while keeping the slope and soil data same in both models. The simulated discharge data matched well with the observed discharge data, with NSE of 0.72, PBIAS of − 1.9, R² of 0.72 during calibration, and NSE of 0.72, PBIAS of − 4.7, and R² of 0.73 during validation. It can be observed from the Land use change scenario assessment that an increase in the fallow agriculture land area shows a positive relation with surface runoff and a negative relation with percolation. Similarly, climate change scenario assessment shows that in future scenarios temperature will increase in both the RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 but hydrological components are more responsive to the changes in rainfall than temperature changes. Study results pointed out that both land use change and climate change can significantly affect the surface as well as groundwater availability of the region and it also highlights the functionality of an integrated assessment approach that assesses land, water, and climate components of SDGs through a hydrological model. It supplies an understanding of important interlinked influences and responses that are to be studied and managed collectively at the regional level in future studies.

在评估土地、水和气候相关问题时缺乏综合方法，导致在国家层面制定出无效的解决方案。它为实现区域级可持续发展目标提出了进一步的挑战。对于像印度这样的国家来说尤其如此，那里的水、土地和气候问题非常复杂，而且从流域层面到区域层面都是相互关联的。相互关联的协同作用是实现针对多个可持续发展目标 (SDG) 的集体行动的关键。土地、水和气候组成部分分别在可持续发展目标 6、13 和 15 中被列为优先事项，这些内容通过使用土壤和水评估工具 (SWAT) 模型的综合方法进行评估。选择一个半干旱、未测量的 Khari 盆地进行可持续性评估和水文响应研究。由于该地区在水资源短缺、土地转化和气候变化方面至关重要，因此可以提供一种方法来应对区域层面可持续性评估中的挑战。SWAT 模型被考虑用于 1990 年和 2015 年的两种土地利用情景，即 1990-2019 年和两种气候情景，代表性集中路径（RCP 4.5 和 RCP 8.5），2021-2050 年，同时保持坡度和土壤数据两种型号都一样。模拟排放数据与观测排放数据匹配良好，NSE 为 0.72，PBIAS 为 − 1.9，R 和气候变化，并可以提供一种方法来应对区域层面可持续性评估中的挑战。SWAT 模型被考虑用于 1990 年和 2015 年的两种土地利用情景，即 1990-2019 年和两种气候情景，代表性集中路径（RCP 4.5 和 RCP 8.5），2021-2050 年，同时保持坡度和土壤数据两种型号都一样。模拟排放数据与观测排放数据匹配良好，NSE 为 0.72，PBIAS 为 − 1.9，R 和气候变化，并可以提供一种方法来应对区域层面可持续性评估中的挑战。SWAT 模型被考虑用于 1990 年和 2015 年的两种土地利用情景，即 1990-2019 年和两种气候情景，代表性集中路径（RCP 4.5 和 RCP 8.5），2021-2050 年，同时保持坡度和土壤数据两种型号都一样。模拟排放数据与观测排放数据匹配良好，NSE 为 0.72，PBIAS 为 − 1.9，R^{校准期间2} of 0.72，NSE 为 0.72，PBIAS 为 − 4.7，R ²验证期间为 0.73。从土地利用变化情景评估中可以看出，休闲农业用地面积的增加与地表径流呈正相关，与渗流呈负相关。同样，气候变化情景评估表明，在未来情景中，RCP 4.5 和 8.5 的温度都会升高，但水文成分对降雨变化的响应比温度变化更敏感。研究结果指出，土地利用变化和气候变化都会显着影响该地区的地表水和地下水可用性，它还强调了综合评估方法的功能，该方法通过水文评估可持续发展目标的土地、水和气候组成部分模型。