启发式通常被描述为可用于加快决策过程的经验法则。他们已经在广泛的领域进行了研究,包括经济学、心理学和计算机科学。然而,学者们仍在努力寻找实质性的共同点。本研究对主观预期效用 (SEU) 理论出现前后的启发式作为研究主题进行了历史回顾,强调了将启发式视为大脑发育结果的进化观点。我们发现区分启发式的故意使用和自动使用很有用,但指出它们可以有意识地和无意识地使用。虽然我们可以通过许多世纪和应用领域来追溯启发式的思想,我们通过三波研究关注现代启发式概念的演变,从 1950 年代的赫伯特西蒙开始,他引入了有限理性的概念并建议在人工智能中使用启发式,从而为后来的所有研究铺平了道路关于启发式。丹尼尔·卡尼曼 (Daniel Kahneman) 和阿莫斯·特沃斯基 (Amos Tversky) 在 70 年代取得了突破,他们分析了使用启发式方法产生的偏差。由此产生的研究计划在 1990 年代成为 Gerd Gigerenzer 批评的主题,他认为由“快速节俭”启发式方法组成的“适应性工具箱”可以产生“生态理性”的决定。从而为以后所有关于启发式的研究铺平了道路。丹尼尔·卡尼曼 (Daniel Kahneman) 和阿莫斯·特沃斯基 (Amos Tversky) 在 70 年代取得了突破,他们分析了使用启发式方法产生的偏差。由此产生的研究计划在 1990 年代成为 Gerd Gigerenzer 批评的主题,他认为由“快速节俭”启发式方法组成的“适应性工具箱”可以产生“生态理性”的决定。从而为以后所有关于启发式的研究铺平了道路。丹尼尔·卡尼曼 (Daniel Kahneman) 和阿莫斯·特沃斯基 (Amos Tversky) 在 70 年代取得了突破,他们分析了使用启发式方法产生的偏差。由此产生的研究计划在 1990 年代成为 Gerd Gigerenzer 批评的主题,他认为由“快速节俭”启发式方法组成的“适应性工具箱”可以产生“生态理性”的决定。
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A brief history of heuristics: how did research on heuristics evolve?
Heuristics are often characterized as rules of thumb that can be used to speed up the process of decision-making. They have been examined across a wide range of fields, including economics, psychology, and computer science. However, scholars still struggle to find substantial common ground. This study provides a historical review of heuristics as a research topic before and after the emergence of the subjective expected utility (SEU) theory, emphasising the evolutionary perspective that considers heuristics as resulting from the development of the brain. We find it useful to distinguish between deliberate and automatic uses of heuristics, but point out that they can be used consciously and subconsciously. While we can trace the idea of heuristics through many centuries and fields of application, we focus on the evolution of the modern notion of heuristics through three waves of research, starting with Herbert Simon in the 1950s, who introduced the notion of bounded rationality and suggested the use of heuristics in artificial intelligence, thereby paving the way for all later research on heuristics. A breakthrough came with Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in the 1970s, who analysed the biases arising from using heuristics. The resulting research programme became the subject of criticism by Gerd Gigerenzer in the 1990s, who argues that an ‘adaptive toolbox’ consisting of ‘fast-and-frugal’ heuristics can yield ‘ecologically rational’ decisions.