Land-use change plays an important role in shaping plant and insect diversity over long time timescales. Great Britain provides an ideal case study to investigate patterns of long-term vegetation and insect diversity change owing to the existence of spatially and temporally extensive environmental archives (lake sediments, peatlands, and archaeological sites) and a long history of landscape transformation through agrarian change. The trends identified in past environmental datasets allow the impacts of land-use change on plant and insect diversity trends to be investigated alongside exploration of the emergence of ecological novelty. Using fossil pollen, insect (beetle), archaeodemographic, archaeobotanical and modern landscape datasets covering Britain, similarities are identified between insect diversity and pollen sample evenness indicating that vegetation heterogeneity influences insect diversity. Changing land use captured by archaeobotanical data is significantly correlated with pollen diversity demonstrating the role of human activity in shaping past diversity trends with shifts towards ecosystem novelty identified in the form of non-analogue pollen taxa assemblages (unique species combinations). Modern landscapes with higher agricultural suitability are less likely to have pollen analogues beyond the last 1000 years, whilst those in areas less suited to agriculture and on more variable topography are more likely to have analogues older than 1000 years. This signifies the role of agriculture in the creation of novel ecosystems. Ecological assemblages characteristic of earlier periods of the Holocene may persist in areas less affected by agriculture. The last 200 years has witnessed major shifts in novelty in a low number of pollen sites suggesting that novel ecosystems emerged over a longer time period resulting from the cumulative impacts of land-use change.

土地利用变化在长时间尺度上塑造植物和昆虫多样性方面发挥着重要作用。由于空间和时间上广泛的环境档案（湖泊沉积物、泥炭地和考古遗址）的存在以及通过土地变化进行景观改造的悠久历史，英国提供了一个理想的案例研究来研究长期植被和昆虫多样性变化的模式. 在过去的环境数据集中确定的趋势允许调查土地利用变化对植物和昆虫多样性趋势的影响，同时探索生态新颖性的出现。使用覆盖英国的化石花粉、昆虫（甲虫）、考古人口学、考古植物学和现代景观数据集，昆虫多样性和花粉样本均匀度之间的相似性表明植被异质性影响昆虫多样性。考古植物学数据捕获的土地利用变化与花粉多样性显着相关，表明人类活动在塑造过去的多样性趋势中的作用，并转向以非类似花粉分类群组合（独特物种组合）形式确定的生态系统新颖性。农业适宜性较高的现代景观不太可能有超过过去 1000 年的花粉类似物，而那些不太适合农业和多变地形的地区更有可能有超过 1000 年的类似物。这表明农业在创造新型生态系统中的作用。全新世早期的生态组合特征可能会持续存在于受农业影响较小的地区。在过去的 200 年里，少量花粉点的新颖性发生了重大变化，这表明由于土地利用变化的累积影响，新的生态系统在较长时间内出现。