The state is increasingly criminalizing reproduction. While prosecutions of pregnant people for prenatal drug use began occurring several decades ago,1 this type of prosecution remained relatively rare for many years.2 But such prosecutions have increased dramatically—thousands have now occurred across the United States.3 In addition, the criminalization of reproduction is not limited to instances of prenatal drug use,4 but extends to a wide array of prosecutions in the reproductive space—including the criminalization of stillbirth,5 miscarriage,6 breastfeeding,7 home births,8 and c-section refusals.9 And, of course, recent changes in the Supreme Court have resulted in an almost certain change in the criminal regulation of abortion, as well.10 The criminalization of reproduction often occurs at an initial point of access to the health care system – at the hospital, the doctor’s office, the lactation consultant appointment, or the addiction treatment clinic. In this way, health care settings become gateways into the criminal justice system, and it is the attempt to access reproductive health care that results in criminal prosecution.11

中文翻译：

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扭转生殖保健服务的刑事定罪

国家越来越多地将生育定为犯罪。虽然几十年前就开始出现对孕妇产前吸毒的起诉，1个多年来，此类起诉相对较少。2个但此类起诉急剧增加——现在美国各地发生了数千起。3个此外，将生育定为刑事犯罪不仅限于产前吸毒的情况，4个但扩展到生殖领域的一系列起诉——包括死产的刑事定罪，5个流产，6个哺乳，7在家分娩，8个和剖腹产拒绝。9当然，最高法院最近的变化也导致了堕胎刑事法规几乎肯定会发生变化。10生育犯罪通常发生在进入医疗保健系统的初始点——在医院、医生办公室、哺乳顾问预约或成瘾治疗诊所。通过这种方式，医疗保健机构成为进入刑事司法系统的门户，而正是试图获得生殖保健服务导致了刑事诉讼。11