According to an influential view, when it comes to representing reality, some words are better suited for the job than others. This is elitism. There is reason to believe that the set of the best, or elite, words should not be redundant or arbitrary. However, we are often forced to choose between these two theoretical vices, especially in cases involving theories that seem to be mere notational variants. This is the riddle of redundancy: both redundancy and arbitrariness are vicious, but there are cases in which one must be picked. Logical realists admit that there are some logical constants among the elite words. This leads to awkward questions, such as which among conjunction and disjunction is elite. In this paper, I show how the riddle of redundancy arises for logical realists, and offer a solution. This approach requires us to change how we represent negation. Instead of using some particular symbol, we represent negation by flipping formulae over the horizontal axis.

中文翻译：

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逻辑实在论与冗余之谜

根据一种有影响力的观点，在表示现实时，有些词比其他词更适合这项工作。这是精英主义。有理由相信最好的或精英的词集不应该是多余的或任意的。然而，我们常常被迫在这两种理论缺陷之间做出选择，尤其是在涉及似乎仅仅是符号变体的理论的情况下。这就是冗余之谜：冗余和随意都是恶毒的，但也有必须取其一的情况。逻辑实在论者承认精英词中有一些逻辑常数。这导致了一些尴尬的问题，比如合取和析取中哪个是精英。在这篇论文中，我向逻辑现实主义者展示了冗余之谜是如何产生的，并提供了一个解决方案。这种方法要求我们改变表示否定的方式。我们不使用某些特定符号，而是通过在水平轴上翻转公式来表示否定。