Theories of speech production have proposed that in contexts where multiple languages are produced, bilinguals inhibit the dominant language with the goal of making both languages equally accessible. This process often overshoots this goal, leading to a surprising pattern: better performance in the nondominant vs dominant language, or reversed language dominance effects. However, the reliability of this effect in single word production studies with cued language switches has been challenged by a recent meta-analysis. Correcting for errors in this analysis, we find that dominance effects are reliably reduced and reversed during language mixing. Reversed dominance has also consistently been reported in the production of connected speech elicited by reading aloud of mixed language paragraphs. When switching, bilinguals produced translation-equivalent intrusion errors (e.g., saying pero instead of but) more often when intending to produce words in the dominant language. We show this dominant language vulnerability is not exclusive to switching out of the nondominant language and extends to non-switch words, linking connected speech results to patterns first reported in single-picture naming studies. Reversed language dominance is a robust phenomenon that reflects the tip of the iceberg of inhibitory control of the dominant language in bilingual language production.

言语产生理论提出，在产生多种语言的环境中，双语者会抑制主导语言，目的是使两种语言都可以平等地使用。这个过程往往会超出这个目标，导致一个令人惊讶的模式：在非主导语言和主导语言中表现更好，或者相反的语言主导效应。然而，这种效果在带有提示语言切换的单词产生研究中的可靠性受到了最近元数据的挑战。-分析。纠正此分析中的错误，我们发现在语言混合过程中，支配效应可靠地减少和逆转。在通过大声朗读混合语言段落引发的相关语音的产生中，也一直有报道称反向支配。切换时，双语者会产生翻译等效的入侵错误（例如，说pero而不是but   ) 在打算用主要语言产生单词时更频繁。我们表明，这种主导语言的弱点并不仅限于切换出非主导语言，还扩展到非切换词，将连接的语音结果与单图片命名研究中首次报告的模式联系起来。反向语言优势是一种强烈的现象，反映了双语语言产生中优势语言抑制控制的冰山一角。