As a common belief, most viruses can egress from the host cells as single particles and transmit to uninfected cells. Emerging data have revealed en bloc viral transmission as lipid bilayer-cloaked particles via extracellular vesicles especially exosomes (Exo). The supporting membrane can be originated from multivesicular bodies during intra-luminal vesicle formation and autophagic response. Exo are nano-sized particles, ranging from 40–200 nm, with the ability to harbor several types of signaling molecules from donor to acceptor cells in a paracrine manner, resulting in the modulation of specific signaling reactions in target cells. The phenomenon of Exo biogenesis consists of multiple and complex biological steps with the participation of diverse constituents and molecular pathways. Due to similarities between Exo biogenesis and virus replication and the existence of shared pathways, it is thought that viruses can hijack the Exo biogenesis machinery to spread and evade immune cells. To this end, Exo can transmit complete virions (as single units or aggregates), separate viral components, and naked genetic materials. The current review article aims to scrutinize challenges and opportunities related to the exosomal delivery of viruses in terms of viral infections and public health.

中文翻译：

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病毒的外泌体传播，一把双刃生物剑

人们普遍认为，大多数病毒可以作为单个颗粒从宿主细胞中逸出并传播到未感染的细胞。新数据显示，病毒以脂质双层包裹的颗粒形式通过细胞外囊泡尤其是外泌体 (Exo) 进行整体传播。支持膜可以源自腔内囊泡形成和自噬反应期间的多囊泡体。Exo 是纳米尺寸的颗粒，范围为 40-200 nm，能够以旁分泌方式容纳从供体细胞到受体细胞的多种类型的信号分子，从而调节靶细胞中的特定信号反应。Exo生物发生现象由多个复杂的生物学步骤组成，涉及不同的成分和分子途径。由于Exo生物发生和病毒复制之间的相似性以及共享途径的存在，人们认为病毒可以劫持Exo生物发生机制来传播和逃避免疫细胞。为此，Exo 可以传输完整的病毒体（作为单个单位或聚集体）、分离的病毒成分和裸露的遗传物质。当前的综述文章旨在仔细研究与病毒外泌体递送有关的病毒感染和公共卫生方面的挑战和机遇。