Digitalization and sector coupling enable companies to turn into flexumers. By using the flexibility of their multi-energy system (MES), they reduce costs and carbon emissions while stabilizing the electricity system. However, to identify the necessary investments in energy conversion and storage technologies to leverage demand response (DR) potentials, companies need to assess the value of flexibility. Therefore, this study quantifies the flexibility value of a production company's MES by optimizing the synthesis, design, and operation of a decarbonizing MES considering self-consumption optimization, peak shaving, and integrated DR based on hourly prices and carbon emission factors (CEFs). The detailed case study of a beverage company in northern Germany considers vehicle-to-X of powered industrial trucks, power-to-heat on multiple temperatures, wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and energy storage systems (thermal energy, electricity, and hydrogen). We propose and apply novel data-driven metrics to evaluate the intensity of price-based and CEF-based DR. The results reveal that flexibility usage reduces decarbonization costs (by 19-80% depending on electricity and carbon removal prices), total annual costs, operating carbon emissions, energy-weighted average prices and CEFs, and fossil energy dependency. The results also suggest that a net-zero operational carbon emission MES requires flexibility, which, in an economic case, is provided by a combination of different flexible technologies and storage systems that complement each other. While the value of flexibility depends on various market and consumer-specific factors such as electricity or carbon removal prices, this study highlights the importance of demand flexibility for the decarbonization of MESs.

中文翻译：

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从产消者到灵活消费者：关于制造公司多能源系统脱碳灵活性价值的案例研究

数字化和行业耦合使公司能够转变为灵活消费者。通过利用其多能源系统 (MES) 的灵活性，他们在稳定电力系统的同时降低了成本和碳排放量。然而，为了确定对能源转换和存储技术的必要投资以利用需求响应 (DR) 潜力，公司需要评估灵活性的价值。因此，本研究通过考虑自耗优化、调峰和基于小时价格和碳排放因子 (CEF) 的集成 DR 来优化脱碳 MES 的合成、设计和操作，从而量化生产公司 MES 的灵活性价值。德国北部一家饮料公司的详细案例研究考虑了动力工业卡车的车辆到 X，多种温度下的电热转换、风力涡轮机、光伏系统和能量存储系统（热能、电力和氢）。我们提出并应用新颖的数据驱动指标来评估基于价格和基于 CEF 的 DR 的强度。结果表明，灵活使用可降低脱碳成本（降低 19-80%，具体取决于电力和碳清除价格）、年度总成本、运营碳排放量、能源加权平均价格和 CEF，以及对化石能源的依赖。结果还表明，净零运营碳排放 MES 需要灵活性，在经济情况下，灵活性是由相互补充的不同灵活技术和存储系统的组合提供的。