Pride is a self-conscious emotion, comprised of two distinct facets known as authentic and hubristic pride, and associated with a cross-culturally recognized nonverbal expression. Authentic pride involves feelings of accomplishment and confidence and promotes prosocial behaviors, whereas hubristic pride involves feelings of arrogance and conceit and promotes antisociality. Each facet of pride, we argue, contributes to a distinct means of attaining social rank: Authentic pride seems to promote prestige—a rank based on earned respect—whereas hubristic pride seems to promote dominance—a rank based on aggression and coercion. Both prestige and dominance are effective routes to power and influence in human groups, so both facets of pride are likely to be functional adaptations. Overall, the reviewed research suggests that pride is likely to be a human universal, critical for social relationships and rank attainment across human societies.

中文翻译：

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骄傲：获得社会地位的情感基础


自豪感是一种自我意识的情感，由两个不同的方面组成，即真实的自豪感和傲慢的自豪感，并与跨文化认可的非语言表达相关。真正的自豪感涉及成就感和自信感，并促进亲社会行为，而傲慢的自豪感则涉及傲慢和自负感，并促进反社会行为。我们认为，自豪感的各个方面都有助于以独特的方式获得社会地位：真正的自豪感似乎会提升威望——一种基于赢得尊重的地位——而傲慢的自豪感似乎会提升统治地位——一种基于侵略和胁迫的地位。在人类群体中，声望和统治地位都是获得权力和影响力的有效途径，因此自豪感的两个方面都可能是功能性的适应。总体而言，经过审查的研究表明，自豪感可能是人类的普遍现象，对于人类社会的社会关系和排名至关重要。