Tree visibility is a key determinant of cultural ecosystem services of urban trees. This paper develops a flexible, efficient and easy-to-use GIS method for modelling individual tree visibility to support tree valuation. The method is implemented as a GRASS GIS AddOn tool called v.viewshed.impact, making it available to a broad spectrum of users and purposes. Thanks to empirically validated underlying algorithms and parallel processing, the method is accurate and fast in analysing high-resolution datasets and large numbers of trees. We demonstrate the method in two use cases in Oslo, Norway, showing that it provides an alternative to field-based assessment of visibility indicators in tree valuation methods and facilitates the inclusion of complex visibility indicators not possible to assess in the field. We argue that the method could also be used for tree management and planning, urban ecosystem accounting and neighbour conflict resolution related to trees.

树木能见度是城市树木文化生态系统服务的关键决定因素。本文开发了一种灵活、高效且易于使用的 GIS 方法，用于对单个树木的可见性进行建模以支持树木估价。该方法作为名为v.viewshed.impact的 GRASS GIS AddOn 工具实现，使其可供广泛的用户和目的使用。由于经过经验验证的底层算法和并行处理，该方法在分析高分辨率数据集和大量树木时准确且快速。我们在挪威奥斯陆的两个用例中展示了该方法，表明它提供了树木评估方法中基于现场的可见性指标评估的替代方法，并有助于包含无法在现场评估的复杂可见性指标。我们认为该方法还可用于树木管理和规划、城市生态系统核算以及与树木相关的邻里冲突解决。