Large seismogenic faults consist of approximately meter-thick fault cores surrounded by hundreds-of-meters-thick damage zones. Earthquakes are generated by rupture propagation and slip within fault cores and dissipate the stored elastic strain energy in fracture and frictional processes in the fault zone and in radiated seismic waves. Understanding this energy partitioning is fundamental in earthquake mechanics to explain fault dynamic weakening and causative rupture processes operating over different spatial and temporal scales. The energy dissipated in the earthquake rupture propagation along a fault is called fracture energy or breakdown work. Here we review fracture energy estimates from seismological, modeling, geological, and experimental studies and show that fracture energy scales with fault slip. We conclude that although material-dependent constant fracture energies are important at the microscale for fracturing grains of the fault zone, they are negligible with respect to the macroscale processes governing rupture propagation on natural faults. ▪ Earthquake ruptures propagate on geological faults and dissipate energy in fracture and frictional processes from micro- (less than a millimeter) to macroscale (centimeters to kilometers). ▪ The energy dissipated in earthquake rupture propagation is called fracture energy ( G) or breakdown work ( Wb) and scales with coseismic slip. ▪ For earthquake ruptures in natural faults, the estimates of G and Wbare consistent with a macroscale description of causative processes. ▪ The energy budget of an earthquake remains controversial, and contributions from different disciplines are required to unravel this issue.

中文翻译：

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地震期间的断裂能和破坏功

大型震源断层由大约一米厚的断层核心和数百米厚的损伤带组成。地震是由断层核内的破裂传播和滑动产生的，并消散了断层带中断裂和摩擦过程以及辐射地震波中储存的弹性应变能。了解这种能量分配对于地震力学解释不同空间和时间尺度上的断层动力弱化和致因破裂过程至关重要。地震破裂沿断层传播时消耗的能量称为断裂能或击穿功。在这里，我们回顾了地震学、建模、地质和实验研究中的断裂能估计，并表明断裂能随断层滑动而变化。我们的结论是，尽管与材料相关的恒定断裂能在微观尺度上对于断层带的破裂颗粒很重要，但对于控制自然断层上破裂传播的宏观过程来说，它们是可以忽略不计的。 ▪ 地震破裂在地质断层上传播，并在从微观（小于一毫米）到宏观（厘米到公里）的破裂和摩擦过程中耗散能量。 ▪ 地震破裂传播过程中耗散的能量称为破裂能 (G) 或击穿功 (W乙）和具有同震滑移的尺度。 ▪ 对于自然断层的地震破裂，G 和 W 的估计乙与因果过程的宏观描述是一致的。 ▪ 地震的能量预算仍然存在争议，需要不同学科的贡献来解决这个问题。