NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both combined and simultaneous, unveil the diversity of processes driving change on today’s Martian surface at Jezero crater.

NASA 毅力号火星车的火星环境动力学分析仪正在 Jezero 陨石坑收集数据，描述火星大气层最底层的物理过程。在这里，我们展示了仪器运行的前 250 个太阳日的测量结果，揭示了 Jezero 的空间和时间变化的气象学。我们发现四个高度的温度测量捕捉了大气表层对多种现象的响应。我们观察到从稳定的夜间逆温到白天高度湍流的对流状态的转变，具有大的垂直热梯度。多个每日光学深度的测量表明，上午的气溶胶浓度高于下午。测得的风型主要由当地地形驱动，区域风的贡献很小。相对湿度的每日和季节性变化显示出复杂的水文循环。这些观察结果表明，某些局部表面特性（例如表面反照率和热惯性）的变化起着重要作用。在更大范围内，表面压力测量显示了重力波和斜压涡流的典型特征，这些特征位于之前被描述为低波活动的季节性周期的一部分。这些同时进行的综合观察揭示了推动当今火星表面杰泽罗陨石坑变化的过程的多样性。地表压力测量显示，在以前被描述为低波活动的季节性周期的一部分中，重力波和斜压涡流的典型特征。这些同时进行的综合观察揭示了推动当今火星表面杰泽罗陨石坑变化的过程的多样性。地表压力测量显示，在以前被描述为低波活动的季节性周期的一部分中，重力波和斜压涡流的典型特征。这些同时进行的综合观察揭示了推动当今火星表面杰泽罗陨石坑变化的过程的多样性。