The escape from immune surveillance is a hallmark of cancer progression. The classic immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 novel ones are part of a sophisticated system of up- and downmodulation of the immune system, which is unregulated in cancer. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of targeting strategies, focused principally on immunotherapies aiming at blocking those molecules involved in the evasion of the immune system. However, there are still challenges to predicting their efficacy due to the wide heterogeneity of clinical responses. Thus, there is a need to develop new strategies, and theranostics has much to contribute in this field. Besides that, aptamers have emerged as promising molecules with the potential to generate a huge impact in the immunotheranostic field. They are single-stranded oligonucleotides with a unique self-folding tridimensional structure, with high affinity and specificity for the target. In particular, their small size and physicochemical characteristics make them a versatile tool for designing theranostic strategies. Here, we review the progress in theranostic strategies based on aptamers against immune checkpoints, and highlight the potential of those approaches.

中文翻译：

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基于适体的免疫诊断策略

逃避免疫监视是癌症进展的标志。经典的免疫检查点分子 PD-1、PD-L1、CTLA-4、LAG-3、TIM-3 新分子是免疫系统上调和下调复杂系统的一部分，在癌症中不受调节。近年来，靶向策略的发展取得了显着进展，主要集中在旨在阻断参与逃避免疫系统的分子的免疫疗法上。然而，由于临床反应的广泛异质性，预测它们的疗效仍然存在挑战。因此，需要制定新的策略，而治疗诊断学可以在这一领域做出很大贡献。除此之外，适配体已成为有前途的分子，有可能在免疫治疗领域产生巨大影响。它们是单链寡核苷酸，具有独特的自折叠立体结构，对靶标具有高亲和力和特异性。特别是，它们的小尺寸和物理化学特性使它们成为设计治疗诊断策略的多功能工具。在这里，我们回顾了基于适体针对免疫检查点的治疗诊断策略的进展，并强调了这些方法的潜力。