The literature on excess commuting has grown significantly over the past three decades. However, there are still some important open questions about the resulting statistics. Despite researchers proposing several commuting benchmarks and excess metrics, there is poor comparability between empirical studies. Many studies use average trip length to evaluate commuting efficiency of the whole region, while very few studies visualize the spatial organization of (excess) commuting patterns and evaluate its commuting orderliness. Based on a finely disaggregated data base --- the National 1% Population Sampling Survey in Shanghai, this study investigates commuting patterns and their relationship to urban land use arrangement by detailed industrial sectors from the perspectives of both average trip length and spatial organization measured by entropy value. It offers insights into social inequalities, spatial mismatch and commuting performance by identifying which groups of workers make more contribution to urban traffic congestion and have more inefficient and disorderly commutes. The results suggest that there are significant commuting differences between the groups, both socially and spatially. Overlooking the heterogeneity of commuter behaviors and socioeconomic characteristics may overestimate or underestimate excess commuting. Skilled workers commute further and experience more excess commuting than less-skilled workers, which is very different from American cities and brings forth new insights into traditional spatial mismatch. This paper also finds that workers in the manufacturing sector commute longer than those in the wholesale and retail sector but the commuting pattern of the former is more organized and orderly than the latter, indicating that long-distance commuting patterns might not necessarily be inefficient and disorderly and vice versa.

在过去的三十年里，关于过度通勤的文献显着增加。然而，关于由此产生的统计数据仍然存在一些重要的悬而未决的问题。尽管研究人员提出了几个通勤基准和超额指标，但实证研究之间的可比性很差。许多研究使用平均行程长度来评估整个区域的通勤效率，而很少有研究将（过量）通勤模式的空间组织可视化并评估其通勤有序性。基于精细分类的数据库——上海全国 1% 人口抽样调查，本研究从平均出行长度和空间组织的角度，调查通勤模式及其与详细工业部门的城市土地利用安排的关系。熵值。它通过确定哪些工人群体对城市交通拥堵的贡献更大以及通勤效率低下和无序，从而深入了解社会不平等、空间不匹配和通勤绩效。结果表明，这些群体之间在社会和空间方面存在显着的通勤差异。忽视通勤行为和社会经济特征的异质性可能会高估或低估过度通勤。与非技术工人相比，技术工人的通勤距离更远，通勤时间更长，这与美国城市截然不同，并为传统的空间不匹配带来了新的见解。