The complexity of the physics of rock blasting is a longstanding modelling challenge. This work presents in detail a three-dimensional, material non-linear finite element based model for wave propagation, combined with a postprocessing procedure to determine the fracture intensity caused by blasting. The rock is described with the Johnson–Holmquist-2 constitutive model, an elastoplastic-damage model designed for brittle materials undergoing high strain rates and high pressures and fracturing; it is also combined with an instantaneous tensile failure model. Additionally, material heterogeneity is introduced into the model through variation of the material properties at the element level, ensuring jumps in strain. A detailed algorithm for the combined Johnson–Holmquist-2 and tensile failure model is presented and is demonstrated to be energy-conserving, and is complemented with an open-source MATLAB^TM implementation of the model. A range of sub-scale numerical experiments are performed to validate the modelling and postprocessing procedures, and a range of materials, explosive waves and geometries are considered to demonstrate the model’s predictive capability quantitatively and qualitatively for fracture intensity. Fracture intensities on 2D planes and 3D volumes are presented. The mesh dependence of the method is explored, demonstrating that mesh density changes maintain similar results and improve with increasing mesh quality. Damage patterns in simulations are self-organising, and form thin, planar, fracture-like structures that closely match the observed fractures in the experiments. The presented model is an advancement in realism for continuum modelling of blasts as it enables fully three-dimensional wave interaction, handles damage due to both compression and tension, and relies only on measurable material properties.

岩石爆破物理的复杂性是一个长期存在的建模挑战。这项工作详细介绍了基于材料非线性有限元的波传播模型，并结合后处理程序来确定爆破引起的断裂强度。岩石用 Johnson–Holmquist-2 本构模型描述，这是一种弹塑性损伤模型，专为承受高应变率、高压和压裂的脆性材料设计；它还与瞬时拉伸失效模型相结合。此外，通过在元素级别改变材料属性，将材料异质性引入模型，确保应变跳跃。^TM值模型的实施。进行了一系列子尺度数值实验来验证建模和后处理程序，并考虑了一系列材料、爆炸波和几何形状来证明模型对断裂强度的定量和定性预测能力。呈现了 2D 平面和 3D 体积上的断裂强度。探索了该方法的网格依赖性，表明网格密度变化保持相似的结果并随着网格质量的提高而改善。模拟中的损伤模式是自组织的，并形成薄的、平面的、类似裂缝的结构，与实验中观察到的裂缝非常匹配。所提出的模型是爆炸连续体建模的现实主义进步，因为它可以实现完全三维波相互作用，