Chlorazol yellow (CY) is a commonly used anionic, toxic, mutagenic, and potentially carcinogenic azo dye, which is menacing to the environment, aquatic system, food chain, and human health as well. To remove CY dye molecules from an aqueous medium, a series of Ce, Bi, and N co-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts were prepared by varying the composition of the dopants. Under sunlight irradiation, the resultant 5 wt% (Ce-Bi-N) co-doped TiO₂ composite catalyst was found to show the best catalytic activity. Hence, the required characterization of this catalyst was performed systematically using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. From the thorough investigation, it is revealed that the CY molecules reached adsorption–desorption equilibrium onto the surface of the catalyst within 30 min following second-order kinetics. Herein, the catalyst attained 97% degradation when exposed to sunlight at neutral (pH ~ 7, [CY] = 5 mg L⁻¹) medium. The developed catalyst can destruct CY molecules with a maximum rate of 23.1 µg CY g⁻¹ min⁻¹ and the photodegradation kinetics follows first-order kinetics below 23.5 mg L⁻¹, a fractional order between 23.5 and 35.0 mg L⁻¹, and a zeroth order above 35.0 mg L⁻¹ of CY concentration. Finding from scavenging effect implies that \({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-}\) and \({\mathrm{OH}}^{\bullet }\) radicals have significant influence on the degradation. A suitable mechanism has been proposed with excellent stability and verified reusability of the proposed photocatalyst.

氯唑黄 (CY) 是一种常用的阴离子、有毒、致突变和潜在致癌偶氮染料，对环境、水生系统、食物链和人类健康构成威胁。为了从水性介质中去除 CY 染料分子，通过改变掺杂剂的组成制备了一系列 Ce、Bi 和 N 共掺杂的 TiO _{2光催化剂。}在阳光照射下，所得 5 wt% (Ce-Bi-N) 共掺杂 TiO ₂发现复合催化剂显示出最好的催化活性。因此，使用能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 和 X -射线衍射（XRD）技术。通过深入研究，发现 CY 分子在二级动力学后 30 分钟内在催化剂表面达到吸附-解吸平衡。^{在此，当在中性（pH ~ 7，[CY] = 5 mg L -1}）介质中暴露于阳光下时，催化剂达到 97% 的降解。开发的催化剂可以破坏 CY 分子的最大速率为 23.1 µg CY g ⁻¹  min ^{−1并且光降解动力学遵循低于 23.5 mg L -1 的}一级动力学、介于 23.5 和 35.0 mg L ^-1之间的分数阶以及高于 35.0 mg L ^-1的 CY 浓度的零级。从清除效应中发现，\({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-}\)和\({\mathrm{OH}}^{\bullet }\)自由基对降解有显着影响。已经提出了一种合适的机制，具有出色的稳定性，并验证了所提出的光催化剂的可重复使用性。