It is a metaphysical orthodoxy that interesting non-symmetric relations cannot be reduced to symmetric ones. This orthodoxy is wrong. I show this by exploring the expressive power of symmetric theories, i.e. theories which use only symmetric predicates. Such theories are powerful enough to raise the possibility of Pythagrapheanism, i.e. the possibility that the world is just a vast, unlabelled, undirected graph.

中文翻译：

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对称关系、对称理论和毕达写法

有趣的非对称关系不能简化为对称关系，这是一种形而上学的正统观点。这种正统观念是错误的。我通过探索对称理论（即仅使用对称谓词的理论）的表达能力来展示这一点。这些理论的力量足以提出毕达图主义的可能性，即世界只是一个巨大的、无标签的、无向图的可能性。