This paper examines how household structure affects gender differences in out-of-home time use, including time spent on travel and time spent at destinations, among full-time workers in America. The research revisits the topic of gendered travel behavior in the context of increasingly diversified American households, which had shifted family roles and imposed complex challenges in work-life balance for both working women and men. Results based on the 2017 U.S. National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) suggest that household effects on the total out-of-home time and work-related time concentrate on working women but not men; meanwhile, the household effects on time use on other, non-work activities affect both women and men. Intrinsic gender differences in time use exist between single childless women and men who tend to have minimum levels of household responsibilities. The presence of children directly impacts the time use of working women in two-adult households as well as single parents—women and men. Women's relative economic status—whether they are the sole breadwinners or not—does not systematically affect time use. These nuanced findings call for improving the family and childcare support systems for both women and men in the U.S.

本文研究了家庭结构如何影响美国全职工人在外时间使用方面的性别差异，包括花在旅行上的时间和在目的地花费的时间。该研究在美国家庭日益多样化的背景下重新审视了性别化的旅行行为这一主题，这改变了家庭角色，并对职业女性和男性的工作与生活平衡提出了复杂的挑战。基于 2017 年美国全国家庭旅行调查 (NHTS) 的结果表明，家庭对总外出时间和工作相关时间的影响主要集中在职业女性身上，而不是男性；同时，家庭对其他非工作活动时间使用的影响对女性和男性都有影响。在没有孩子的单身女性和往往承担最低水平的家务责任的男性之间，在时间使用方面存在内在的性别差异。孩子的存在直接影响到双人家庭中职业女性以及单亲父母（女性和男性）的时间利用。女性的相对经济地位——无论她们是否是唯一的养家糊口者——不会系统地影响时间使用。这些细微的发现呼吁改善美国女性和男性的家庭和育儿支持系统