Post-translational modifications (PTM) are covalent modifications of proteins or peptides caused by proteolytic cleavage or the attachment of moieties to one or more amino acids. PTMs play essential roles in biological function and regulation and have been linked with several diseases. Modifications of protein acylation (Kac), a type of PTM, are known to induce epigenetic regulatory processes that promote various diseases. Thus, an increasing number of studies focusing on acylation modifications are being undertaken. Butyrylation (Kbu) is a new acylation process found in animals and plants. Kbu has been recently linked to the onset and progression of several diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and vascular dementia. Moreover, the mode of action of certain drugs used in the treatment of lymphoma and colon cancer is based on the regulation of butyrylation levels, suggesting that butyrylation may play a therapeutic role in these diseases. In addition, butyrylation is also commonly involved in rice gene expression and thus plays an important role in the growth, development, and metabolism of rice. The tools and analytical methods that could be utilized for the prediction and detection of lysine butyrylation have also been investigated. This study reviews the potential role of histone Kbu, as well as the mechanisms underlying this process. It also summarizes various enzymes and analytical methods associated with Kbu, with the goal of providing new insights into the role of Kbu in gene regulation and diseases.

翻译后修饰 (PTM) 是由蛋白水解裂解或部分与一个或多个氨基酸连接引起的蛋白质或肽的共价修饰。PTM 在生物功能和调节中发挥着重要作用，并与多种疾病有关。蛋白质酰化 (Kac) 是一种 PTM，已知其修饰可诱导表观遗传调控过程，从而促进各种疾病。因此，越来越多的研究集中在酰化修饰上。丁酰化 (Kbu) 是在动物和植物中发现的一种新的酰化过程。最近，Kbu 与多种疾病的发生和进展有关，例如癌症、心血管疾病、糖尿病和血管性痴呆。而且，用于治疗淋巴瘤和结肠癌的某些药物的作用方式是基于丁酰化水平的调节，这表明丁酰化可能在这些疾病中发挥治疗作用。此外，丁酰化也普遍参与水稻基因表达，因此在水稻的生长、发育和代谢中发挥着重要作用。还研究了可用于预测和检测赖氨酸丁酰化的工具和分析方法。本研究回顾了组蛋白 Kbu 的潜在作用，以及该过程的潜在机制。它还总结了与Kbu相关的各种酶和分析方法，旨在为Kbu在基因调控和疾病中的作用提供新的见解。