Madagascar’s unique biota is heavily affected by human activity and is under intense threat. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the conservation status of Madagascar’s terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity by presenting data and analyses on documented and predicted species-level conservation statuses, the most prevalent and relevant threats, ex situ collections and programs, and the coverage and comprehensiveness of protected areas. The existing terrestrial protected area network in Madagascar covers 10.4% of its land area and includes at least part of the range of the majority of described native species of vertebrates with known distributions (97.1% of freshwater fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals combined) and plants (67.7%). The overall figures are higher for threatened species (97.7% of threatened vertebrates and 79.6% of threatened plants occurring within at least one protected area). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments and Bayesian neural network analyses for plants identify overexploitation of biological resources and unsustainable agriculture as the most prominent threats to biodiversity. We highlight five opportunities for action at multiple levels to ensure that conservation and ecological restoration objectives, programs, and activities take account of complex underlying and interacting factors and produce tangible benefits for the biodiversity and people of Madagascar.

中文翻译：

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马达加斯加非凡的生物多样性：威胁与机遇

马达加斯加独特的生物群受到人类活动的严重影响，并受到严重威胁。在这里，我们通过对记录和预测的物种级保护状况、最普遍和相关的威胁、异地收集和计划以及覆盖范围的数据和分析，回顾马达加斯加陆地和淡水生物多样性保护状况的知识现状和保护区的综合性。马达加斯加现有的陆地保护区网络覆盖其陆地面积的 10.4%，并且至少包括大多数已描述的具有已知分布的本地脊椎动物物种（97.1% 的淡水鱼、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物）的范围合）和植物（67.7%）。受威胁物种的总体数字更高 (97. 7% 的受威胁脊椎动物和 79.6% 的受威胁植物至少出现在一个保护区内）。国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 红色名录评估和植物贝叶斯神经网络分析将生物资源的过度开发和不可持续的农业确定为对生物多样性的最突出威胁。我们强调五个在多个层面采取行动的机会，以确保保护和生态恢复目标、计划和活动考虑到复杂的潜在和相互作用的因素，并为马达加斯加的生物多样性和人民带来实实在在的利益。国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 红色名录评估和植物贝叶斯神经网络分析将生物资源的过度开发和不可持续的农业确定为对生物多样性的最突出威胁。我们强调五个在多个层面采取行动的机会，以确保保护和生态恢复目标、计划和活动考虑到复杂的潜在和相互作用的因素，并为马达加斯加的生物多样性和人民带来实实在在的利益。国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 红色名录评估和植物贝叶斯神经网络分析将生物资源的过度开发和不可持续的农业确定为对生物多样性的最突出威胁。我们强调在多个层面采取行动的五个机会，以确保保护和生态恢复目标、计划和活动考虑到复杂的潜在和相互作用的因素，并为马达加斯加的生物多样性和人民带来实实在在的利益。