Boldenone and tramadol are abused among large sectors of adolescents. Therefore, the behavioral changes concerned with memory and cognitive functions and neurochemical variations were investigated in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. Rats were divided into control and rats treated with boldenone, tramadol, or both drugs. At the end of the treatment period, the memory and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Y-maze test (YMT) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the motor activity was determined by the open field test (OFT). The cortex was dissected to carry out the neurochemical analyses. Rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol showed impaired memory and cognitive functions and reduced motor activity. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) decreased significantly. Western blot data showed a significant decrease in Bcl2 and a significant increase in caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. These changes were associated with neuronal death as indicated from the histopathological examination.

The present findings indicate that boldenone and/or tramadol induced impairment in memory and cognitive functions. These changes could be mediated by the increase in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduced AChE level, and reduced number of survived neurons in the cortex as indicated from the decreased Bcl2 level and the histological examination.

宝丹酮和曲马多在大部分青少年中被滥用。因此，在用宝地酮和/或曲马多治疗的大鼠的皮质中研究了与记忆和认知功能以及神经化学变化有关的行为变化。大鼠被分为对照组和接受宝丹酮、曲马多或两种药物治疗的大鼠。在治疗期结束时，通过 Y 迷宫试验 (YMT) 和高架十字迷宫试验 (EPMT) 评估记忆和认知功能，并通过旷场试验 (OFT) 确定运动活动。解剖皮质以进行神经化学分析。用勃地酮和/或曲马多治疗的大鼠表现出记忆力和认知功能受损以及运动活动减少。脂质过氧化 (MDA)、一氧化氮 (NO)、在用宝丹酮和/或曲马多治疗的大鼠皮质中观察到还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 显着减少。乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 和单胺氧化酶 (MAO) 的水平显着下降。蛋白质印迹数据显示，在用勃地酮和/或曲马多处理的大鼠中，Bcl2 显着减少，caspase-3 和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) 显着增加。如组织病理学检查所示，这些变化与神经元死亡有关。蛋白质印迹数据显示，在用勃地酮和/或曲马多处理的大鼠中，Bcl2 显着减少，caspase-3 和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) 显着增加。如组织病理学检查所示，这些变化与神经元死亡有关。蛋白质印迹数据显示，在用勃地酮和/或曲马多处理的大鼠中，Bcl2 显着减少，caspase-3 和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) 显着增加。如组织病理学检查所示，这些变化与神经元死亡有关。

目前的研究结果表明，勃地酮和/或曲马多会导致记忆和认知功能受损。这些变化可能是由氧化应激增加、神经炎症、AChE 水平降低和皮质中存活神经元数量减少所介导的，如 Bcl2 水平降低和组织学检查所示。