Progress towards extra stable Zn ion power supply systems is important for developing integrated electronics. However, deep-seated issues of severe Zn dendrite growth radically impede the rechargeability and utilization of Zn ion storage devices in these electronics. Herein, a tough zwitterionic osmolyte-based hydrogel electrolyte (denoted as SPS–Zn) with multiple network interactions was developed in this work to effectively modulate the Zn deposition behavior and suppress the dendrite growth. Through this approach, the original sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (denoted as SP) polymeric network can be optimized and it eventually enables strong mechanical strength (high tensile strength of 61.8 kPa at 310.2%), high ionic conductivity (2.50 S m⁻¹), large Zn²⁺ transference number (t_Zn²⁺ = 0.64), and low activation energy for Zn²⁺ ion desolvation. Additionally, the theoretical calculations further proved that the zwitterionic osmolytes promote the migration of solvated Zn²⁺ ions via the formation of ion-migration channels, possess a strong affinity to metallic Zn for increasing nucleation sites, and restrict the 2D diffusion of Zn²⁺ ions. Meanwhile, experimental results and the finite element simulation revealed that SPS–Zn can homogenize the electric field distribution and Zn²⁺ flux. Consequently, the asymmetry and symmetric batteries with SPS–Zn display enhanced cycling life and reversibility. The as-assembled zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZHSC) exhibits satisfactory capacity and long-term stability. A portable integrated device with the ionic skin (denoted as i-skin) and ZHSC was also assembled and it could steadily detect physiological signals. This work provides new insight into the design of functional hydrogels for highly stable ZHSCs and integrated i-skins.

中文翻译：

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构建两性离子渗透剂基水凝胶电解质以实现稳定的锌阳极，用于耐用的水性锌离子存储和集成电子产品

在超稳定的锌离子电源系统方面取得进展对于开发集成电子产品非常重要。然而，严重的锌枝晶生长的深层次问题从根本上阻碍了这些电子产品中锌离子存储设备的可充电性和利用。在此，本工作开发了一种具有多重网络相互作用的坚韧的两性离子渗透剂基水凝胶电解质（表示为 SPS-Zn），以有效调节 Zn 沉积行为并抑制枝晶生长。通过这种方法，可以优化原始的海藻酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺（表示为 SP）聚合物网络，最终实现强大的机械强度（在 310.2% 时的高拉伸强度为 61.8 kPa）、高离子电导率（2.50 S m -1）、大的 Zn 2+迁移数 (t Zn 2+ = 0.64)，Zn 2+离子去溶剂化的活化能低。此外，理论计算进一步证明，两性离子渗透剂通过离子迁移通道的形成促进溶剂化Zn 2+离子的迁移，对金属Zn具有很强的亲和力以增加成核位点，并限制Zn 2+的二维扩散离子。同时，实验结果和有限元模拟表明，SPS-Zn可以均匀化电场分布和Zn 2+通量。因此，具有 SPS-Zn 的不对称和对称电池显示出增强的循环寿​​命和可逆性。组装后的锌离子混合超级电容器（ZHSC）表现出令人满意的容量和长期稳定性。还组装了带有离子皮肤（表示为i-skin）和ZHSC的便携式集成设备，它可以稳定地检测生理信号。这项工作为高度稳定的 ZHSC 和集成 i-skins 的功能性水凝胶设计提供了新的见解。