Understanding the formation of impact craters on planetary surfaces has fundamental importance in geology, impact dynamics, and planetary sciences. The finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) adaptive method combines the advantages of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and finite element method (FEM) in solving hypervelocity impact (HVI) problems. Employing FE-SPH adaptive method is a new idea for the analysis of planetary impact cratering which is different from impact-simplified arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (iSALE). In this paper, we establish a complete numerical model of planetary impact cratering through the FE-SPH method, including material failure criterion, thermodynamic analysis, gravity preloading, etc. We reproduce the numerical results by Collins et al. (2012) and highly consistent results are obtained through comparative analysis. This study simulates the formation process of simple and complex impact craters, and the temperature, pressure, density, and geometric shape of the impact zone can be quantitatively obtained. We further analyze the distribution of polymorphs and rock fragmentations in the impact zone based on the theories of shock metamorphism. The proposed analysis method may assist geologists in conducting geological studies.

了解行星表面撞击坑的形成在地质学、撞击动力学和行星科学中具有根本的重要性。有限元-光滑粒子流体动力学（FE-SPH）自适应方法结合了光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）和有限元方法（FEM）在求解超高速冲击（HVI）问题中的优点。采用 FE-SPH 自适应方法是分析行星撞击坑的一种新思路，它不同于撞击简化的任意拉格朗日欧拉 (iSALE)。在本文中，我们通过 FE-SPH 方法建立了完整的行星撞击坑数值模型，包括材料失效准则、热力学分析、重力预紧等。我们重现了 Collins 等人的数值结果。(2012) 通过比较分析获得了高度一致的结果。本研究模拟了简单和复杂撞击坑的形成过程，可以定量获得撞击区的温度、压力、密度和几何形状。我们进一步基于冲击变质理论分析了冲击带中多晶型和岩石碎裂的分布。所提出的分析方法可以帮助地质学家进行地质研究。