This paper develops a coupled optical-electrical-thermal loss model of a photovoltaic (PV) module under various conditions. Validation shows that the coupled optical-electrical-thermal loss model is accurate and effective, ranging from 0.17% to −1.88%, which are smaller than limit error in the IEC standard. The developed model is then applied to investigate energy distributions of a PV module under standard test conditions (STC) and dynamic conditions by qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Results show that the energy distributions under dynamic conditions are similar to those under STC. The power output, optical and thermal losses are 16%, 16% and 68%, respectively. The optical losses mainly result from transmission loss (43.4%), reflection loss at air-glass interface (25.5%) and reflection loss at PV layer (25%). As for complicated thermal losses, they are caused by thermalization loss (38.4%), sub-bandgap loss (21.6%), angle mismatch loss (12.9%) and voltage drop loss due to non-radiative recombination (11.6%). Furthermore, some optical suggestions (anti-reflection film, velvet surface and light trapping structure) and thermal suggestions (up conversion, down conversion, stacked structure, surface recombination optimization and the photovoltaic/thermal technology) are proposed to optimize the PV power output.

本文开发了各种条件下光伏 (PV) 模块的光电热耦合损耗模型。验证表明，光-电-热耦合损耗模型准确有效，范围在0.17%到-1.88%之间，小于IEC标准的极限误差。然后将开发的模型应用于通过定性和定量评估在标准测试条件 (STC) 和动态条件下研究 PV 模块的能量分布。结果表明，动态条件下的能量分布与 STC 下的能量分布相似。功率输出、光学和热损失分别为 16%、16% 和 68%。光学损失主要来自传输损失（43.4%）、空气-玻璃界面的反射损失（25.5%）和PV层的反射损失（25%）。至于复杂的热损耗，它们是由热化损耗（38.4%）、子带隙损耗（21.6%）、角度失配损耗（12.9%）和非辐射复合引起的压降损耗（11.6%）引起的。此外，还提出了一些光学建议（增透膜、丝绒表面和光捕获结构）和热学建议（上转换、下转换、堆叠结构、表面复合优化和光伏/热技术）以优化光伏功率输出。