The expression of gangliosides in central nervous system is a few times higher than in the extraneural tissue, a characteristic highlighting their major role at this level. Although in very low amounts, gangliosides are ubiquitously distributed in body fluids too, where, depending on many factors, including pathological states, their composition fluctuates, thus having diagnostic value. Ganglioside investigation in biological fluids, which, except for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), may be sampled noninvasively, was for years impeded by the limited sensitivity of the analytical instrumentation available in glycomics. However, because the last decade has witnessed significant developments in biological mass spectrometry (MS) and the hyphenated separation techniques, marked by a major increase in sensitivity, reproducibility, and data reliability, ganglioside research started to be focused on biofluid analysis by separation techniques coupled to MS. In this context, our review presents the achievements in this emerging field of gangliosidomics, with a particular emphasis on modern liquid chromatography (LC), thin-layer chromatography, hydrophilic interaction LC, and ion mobility separation coupled to high-performance MS, as well as the results generated by these systems and allied experimental procedures in profiling and structural analysis of gangliosides in healthy or diseased body fluids, such as CSF, plasma/serum, and milk.

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通过与质谱联用的液相分离技术分析体液中的神经节苷脂

神经节苷脂在中枢神经系统中的表达比在神经外组织中高几倍，这一特征突出了它们在这一水平上的主要作用。尽管数量非常少，但神经节苷脂也普遍分布在体液中，根据包括病理状态在内的许多因素，它们的成分会发生波动，因此具有诊断价值。生物体液中神经节苷脂的研究，除脑脊液 (CSF) 外，可以无创取样，多年来一直受到糖组学分析仪器灵敏度有限的阻碍。然而，由于过去十年见证了生物质谱 (MS) 和联用分离技术的重大发展，其特点是灵敏度、重现性和数据可靠性有了显着提高，神经节苷脂研究开始侧重于通过与 MS 结合的分离技术进行生物流体分析。在此背景下，我们的综述介绍了神经节苷脂组学这一新兴领域的成就，特别强调了现代液相色谱 (LC)、薄层色谱、亲水相互作用液相色谱以及与高效质谱联用的离子淌度分离，以及作为这些系统和相关实验程序在健康或患病体液（如脑脊液、血浆/血清和牛奶）中神经节苷脂的分析和结构分析中产生的结果。