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Lawless space theory for online child sexual exploitation material offending
Aggression and Violent Behavior ( IF 4.874 ) Pub Date : 2022-11-21 , DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2022.101809
Chad M.S. Steel , Emily Newman , Suzanne O’Rourke , Ethel Quayle

Deterrence, treatment and legal response to online child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenders is enhanced by the joint consideration of technological behaviours and cognitions. CSEM offenders choose an environment based on both psychosexual needs and utility, and in turn that environment shapes future behaviour and reinforces cognitive distortions. This paper introduces lawless space theory, a theory of cyber criminality which posits that offenders will primarily choose and utilize a perceived lawless space that best meets their psychosocial and criminogenic needs in the most frictionless way; habituation and differential association in the lawless space will reduce the perceived risk; normalization will increase comfort in a particular lawless space, increasing friction costs that must be overcome to switch technologies; and additional countermeasures will only be implemented by offenders to reduce perceived risk and lower cognitive dissonance, but not at the expense of utility. The theory is explored through the exemplar of CSEM offences and offers explanatory power for the lifecycle of a lawless space, the use of legacy spaces in the presence of objectively more capable options, the simultaneous use of multiple spaces to meet different psychosexual needs, and the adoption of new technologies by offenders. Additionally, the gateway choice and progression of lawless space usage informs investigations, risk assessments, and deterrence efforts and provides behavioural treatment targets.



中文翻译:

网络儿童性剥削材料犯罪的非法空间理论

通过技术行为和认知的共同考虑,加强了对在线儿童性剥削材料 (CSEM) 犯罪者的威慑、处理和法律回应。CSEM 罪犯根据性心理需求和效用选择环境,反过来,该环境会塑造未来的行为并强化认知扭曲。本文介绍了无法无天的空间理论,这是一种网络犯罪理论,它假设犯罪者将主要选择和利用感知到的无法无天的空间,以最无摩擦的方式最能满足他们的社会心理和犯罪需求;在无法无天的空间中习惯化和差异化联想会降低感知风险;规范化将增加特定无法无天空间的舒适度,增加转换技术必须克服的摩擦成本;额外的反制措施只会由违法者实施,以降低感知风险和认知失调,但不会以牺牲效用为代价。该理论通过 CSEM 犯罪的范例进行了探索,并为无法无天的空间的生命周期提供了解释力,在存在客观上更有能力的选择的情况下使用遗留空间,同时使用多个空间来满足不同的性心理需求,以及罪犯采用新技术。此外,非法空间使用的网关选择和进展为调查、风险评估和威慑工作提供了信息,并提供了行为治疗目标。该理论通过 CSEM 犯罪的范例进行了探索,并为无法无天的空间的生命周期提供了解释力,在存在客观上更有能力的选择的情况下使用遗留空间,同时使用多个空间来满足不同的性心理需求,以及罪犯采用新技术。此外,非法空间使用的网关选择和进展为调查、风险评估和威慑工作提供了信息,并提供了行为治疗目标。该理论通过 CSEM 犯罪的范例进行了探索,并为无法无天的空间的生命周期提供了解释力,在存在客观上更有能力的选择的情况下使用遗留空间,同时使用多个空间来满足不同的性心理需求,以及罪犯采用新技术。此外,非法空间使用的网关选择和进展为调查、风险评估和威慑工作提供了信息,并提供了行为治疗目标。

更新日期:2022-11-21
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